Development of a Braking Dynamics Assistance System for Electric Bicycles: Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Road Tests

Cyclists are usually afraid of using the front brake of their bicycles aggressively. They fear the danger of falling over the handlebar, sustaining serious neck or head injuries. Preventing this pitch-over can be addressed using electronic brake assistance. But little work is found on the dynamics involved, especially of the early phase were mitigating the pitch-over is still possible by brake pressure reduction. To address this, an instrumented bicycle equipped with sensors measuring variables of motion including absolute over ground velocity and attitude is presented. The need for a novel instrumented bicycle capable of capturing pitch-over dynamics and detecting when ground contact is lost, is pointed out. Needed sensors and their calibration is worked out, and the instrumented bicycle is built and tested. The capturing capabilities are shown, and robust jet precise methods of ground contact loss detection are presented.

Section: Instrumented Bicyclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Instrumented Bicycle for Experimental Investigation of Braking Dynamics including Front Brake induced Rear Wheel Lift Up

Skatulla,

Maier,

Schmidt

2023

“…However, the availability of on-board electric power is enabling the emergence of active safety systems such as anti-lock braking systems (ABS), which could help to reduce the accident rate in the same way as has been observed in recent decades for cars and motorcycles (Maier, 2018). ABS have been widely used on cars since the 1970s (Leiber et al, 1979) and on motorcycles since the 1990s, but it was not until the 2010s that this technology was adapted to bicycles (Enisz et al, 2012) (Maier et al, 2015) (Corno et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Bench for Validation of an ABS System on an e-Bike

Ramosaj,

Fusco,

Viennet

2023

This work presents the development of a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) test bench that can be used to validate an electric bicycle (e-bike) anti-lock braking system (ABS) for different test scenarios. The approach involves interfacing a virtual bicycle simulation model running on a real-time target machine with the physical ABS hardware under test. This setup allows to test and evaluate ABS behavior in a safe and reproducible way, before starting testing on the track. This article describes the derivation of an equation-based model considering six degree-of-freedom (dof) representing the in-plane longitudinal dynamics of an e-bike. The simulation model is experimentally validated against measurements made on an instrumented test bike. The test apparatus used and the comparison of simulation results with measurements are presented. The characteristics of the HIL test bench developed are presented, and its applicability to an ABS validation process is illustrated by evaluating the braking performance of an ABS tested on a crossover bike.

“…However, the availability of on-board electric power is enabling the emergence of active safety systems, such as an anti-lock braking system (ABS), which could help reduce the accident rate in the same way as has been observed in recent decades for cars and motorcycles (Maier, 2018). ABS has been widely used on cars since the 1970s and on motorcycles since the 1990s, but it was not until the 2010s that this technology was adapted to bicycles (Enisz et al, 2012;Maier et al, 2015;Corno et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Bench for Validation of an Anti-lock Braking System on an E-Bike

Ramosaj,

Fusco,

Viennet

2023

This article presents the development of a hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) test bench that can be used to validate an electric bicycle (e-bike) anti-lock braking system (ABS) in different test scenarios. The same e-bike can be used in a wide variety of loading conditions, such as with a child seat or panniers (mounted on the front or rear), and different types of tires. Therefore, validating the overall system—i.e., ABS and e-bike—over a wide range of parameters, such as the mass of the rider, load distribution, and tire characteristics, is challenging. The approach presented here involves interfacing a parameterizable virtual bicycle simulation model running on a real-time target machine with the physical ABS hardware under test. This article describes the derivation of an equation-based model that considers six degrees of freedom representing the in-plane longitudinal dynamics of an e-bike. The simulation model was experimentally validated against measurements made on an instrumented test bike. Tests carried out as part of this development show that the developed HiL test bench can be successfully interfaced with a commercially available ABS, enabling the overall behavior of the ABS and the e-bike to be tested and evaluated in a safe and reproducible way before testing begins on the track.