Development of a cell-based in vitro assay as a possible alternative for determining bothropic antivenom potency

Safe and Efficacious Near Superhydrophobic Hemostat for Reduced Blood Loss and Easy Detachment in Traumatic Wounds

“…A 24 h period of testing is selected as a conservative duration for pre-hospital trauma hemostatic devices; they are expected to make skin contact within hours before patients reach a hospital. Primary human keratinocytes were used as a result of their sensitivity to injury and harmful stimuli, which have been shown to effectively indicate a significant response to low levels of toxic materials. − Results in Figure A showed that, after 24 h incubation, there was no significant difference in nHEK viability between CNF-treated samples (1–1000 μg/mL) and the untreated sample, while treatment with 0.1% Triton X-100 reduced viability of the cells to 0%. Two concentrations of CNF at 20 or 200 μg/mL and 24 h of incubation with cells were selected for testing of apoptosis, necrosis, and genotoxicity.…”

Effects on cell cycle progression and cytoskeleton organization of five Bothrops spp. venoms in cell culture-based assays

“…Our results showed that BRL-3A cells were more susceptible to B. jararaca venom than RPE-1 cells, with an IC 50 of 6.6 ± 0.4 μg/mL, compared to RPE-1 (31.7 ± 14.1 μg/mL). Other studies showed an IC 50 of 11.79 μg/mL in Vero cells [ 33 ] and an IC 50 of 9.96 μg/mL in MGSO-3 cells [ 34 ], suggesting that the BRL-3A cell line, a non-tumoral rat liver cell, is more susceptible than the human mammary tumor cell line MGSO-3 and the Vero monkey kidney cell line.…”

Assessment of the Artemia salina toxicity assay as a substitute of the mouse lethality assay in the determination of venom-induced toxicity and preclinical efficacy of antivenom

“…A number of improvements have been made to the mouse lethality test, such as the use of analgesics ( Chacón et al, 2015 ; Herrera et al, 2018 ), reducing the time of the assay ( Barber et al, 2014 ; Durán et al, 2021 ), and lowering the number of animals needed to produce reliable results ( Solano et al, 2010 ). Additionally, some authors have presented alternative models, including the use of embryonated eggs ( Verity et al, 2021 ), cell-based assays ( Lopes-de-Souza et al, 2019 ), antivenomics ( Gutiérrez et al, 2014 ; Pla et al, 2017 ), and in vitro methods such as the indirect hemolytic activity assay ( Habermann and Hardt, 1972 ; Gutiérrez et al, 1988 ; Barbosa et al, 1995 ) and the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( Heneine et al, 1998 ; Liu et al, 2021 ). Despite their limitations, these studies have demonstrated noteworthy correlations with the mouse lethality assay for specific venom-antivenom combinations.…”