“…In addition to convolutional codes with Viterbi decoding, various error-correcting codes with high coding gains were invented, including concatenated codes, turbo codes and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes [37], [42], [52], [58], [59]. Concatenated codes and turbo codes are adopted in the standards of W-CDMA, WiMAX and space communication systems (CCSDS) [4], [12], [17].…”