Concept inventories assess students' understanding of foundational concepts, and have been developed for a variety of engineering disciplines. Concept inventories can be used at the beginning of a course to identify commonly-held misconceptions, existing areas of conceptual strength, and to assess mastery of the foundational concepts by students at the end of a course. Courses in engineering hydrology are typically offered to students at the senior level, and are unique among many senior-level courses in that there are few prerequisite courses that directly introduce and provide background for many of the concepts that will be studied. Although courses in fluid mechanics or hydraulic engineering may be identified on paper as prerequisites, neither generally address the aspects of atmospheric science, subsurface water movement, and watershed modeling that are foundational in hydrology. Therefore, it is particularly useful at the beginning of a course in engineering hydrology for an instructor to have a clear understanding of which foundational concepts students may already understand, and likewise where there are significant conceptual gaps that need particular attention. Concept inventories can be useful in identifying both, and also for assessment purposes at the conclusion of a course to identify student-learning gains and assess the efficacy of meeting learning objectives.A multiple-choice concept inventory was developed for a senior-level undergraduate engineering course in hydrology, and was administered to students at two institutions. Results demonstrate statistically significant gains in conceptual understanding of several topics, and help illustrate an approach that can be taken to support outcomes assessment through concept inventories.