Development of a design of experiments optimized method for quantification of polysorbate 80 based on oleic acid using UHPLC-MS

Characterization of radicals in polysorbate 80 using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and spin trapping

“…Despite comprehensive studies, the exact details of degradation pathways have not been understood yet and efforts are ongoing to develop adequate analytical characterization methods ( Penfield and Rumbelow, 2020 ; Borisov et al, 2015 ; Evers et al, 2020 ; Puschmann et al, 2019 ). Generally, hydrolysis and oxidation are discussed as the two main degradation pathways for PS.…”

“…Only a few analytical approaches are capable of radical detection. Besides the characterization of the products of the radical reaction by mass spectrometry ( Penfield and Rumbelow, 2020 ; Borisov et al, 2015 ; Evers et al, 2020 ; Puschmann et al, 2019 ), also fluorescent assays are available such as the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (Fox) assay or Amplex Red assay ( Jiang et al, 1992 ; Deiana et al, 2009 ; Wolff, 1994 ). They are popular due to their straightforward handling and their potential for high-throughput applications.…”

Food-Grade Titanium Dioxide Particles Decreased the Bioaccessibility of Vitamin D3 in the Simulated Human Gastrointestinal Tract

“…For each GIT phase, no significant difference in Tween 80 concentration was seen in samples containing different E171 levels, suggesting that there was no appreciable surfactant adsorption onto the E171 particles. The Tween 80 concentration used in these experiments was above the critical micelle concentration (around 13 μg mL –1 ), suggesting that the surfactant should form micelles in the mouth, gastric, and intestinal phases. The significant differences in different GIT phases were due to the dilution factor: 0.5 for the stomach phase and 0.8 for the small intestine phase.…”

The Characterization of Polysorbate

“…PSs are heterogeneous compounds that contain mixtures of different fatty acid esters, and it is critical to understand the molecular heterogeneity and stability of PSs in DPs because PSs can gradually degrade over time by autoxidation and/or enzymatic‐mediated hydrolysis (Donbrow, Azaz, & Pillersdorf, 1978; Dwivedi, Blech, Presser, & Garidel, 2018; Kishore et al., 2011; Kishore et al., 2011; Larson et al., 2020). PS degradation can be characterized by either analyzing the changes in all PS species or by characterizing the degradation products, such as free fatty acids released from PS hydrolysis (Borisov, Ji, & Wang, 2015; Borisov, Ji, Wang, Vega, & Ling, 2011; Cheng et al., 2019; Doshi, Demeule, & Yadav, 2015; Doshi, Martin, & Tomlinson, 2020; Glucklich, Carle, Buske, Mader, & Garidel, 2021; Hewitt, Zhang, & Kao, 2008; Honemann, Wendler, Graf, Bathke, & Bell, 2019; Hvattum, Yip, Grace, & Dyrstad, 2012; Puschmann, Evers, Muller‐Goymann, & Herbig, 2019; Zhang, Wang, Tan, Zhang, & Yang, 2012). Quantitation of the released free fatty acids is a more sensitive and accurate approach to monitor PS degradation if the degradation is solely caused by hydrolysis (Zhang, Riccardi, Kamen, Xiao, & Li, 2022); however, characterization of all PS species can provide information beyond whether PS has been degraded or not, for example, what lipases/esterases are associated with PS hydrolysis and whether PS is degraded by hydrolysis or autoxidation (Hall, Sandefur, Frye, Tuley, & Huang, 2016; Hvattum et al., 2012; McShan, Kei, Ji, Kim, & Wang, 2016; Zhang et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2020; Zhang, Xiao, & Li, 2021).…”