Development of a direct current gas sampling glow discharge ionization source for the time-of-flight mass spectrometer

Guzowski, John P.; Broekaert, J. A. C.; Ray, Steven J.; Hieftje, Gary M.

doi:10.1039/a903113h

Cited by 33 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Glow discharge has been used extensively for ionization in the analysis of inorganic solids and organic compounds 18–20. The atmospheric sampling glow discharge ionization (ASGDI) source supported by untreated atmospheric gases was introduced as an ionization source for organic compound analysis 21–23.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glow discharge electron impact ionization source for miniature mass spectrometers

Gao¹,

Song²,

Noll³

et al. 2007

J. Mass Spectrom.

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A glow discharge electron impact ionization (GDEI) source was developed for operation using air as the support gas. An alternative to the use of thermoemission from a resistively heated filament electron source for miniature mass spectrometers, the GDEI source is shown to have advantages of long lifetime under high-pressure operation and low power consumption. The GDEI source was characterized using our laboratory's handheld mass spectrometer, the Mini 10. The effects of the discharge voltage and pressure were investigated. Design considerations are illustrated with calculations. Performance is demonstrated in a set of experimental tests. The results show that the low power requirements, mechanical ruggedness, and quality of the data produced using the small glow discharge ion source make it well-suited for use with a portable handheld mass spectrometer.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glow discharge electron impact ionization source for miniature mass spectrometers

Gao¹,

Song²,

Noll³

et al. 2007

J. Mass Spectrom.

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“…Ionization occurs when the DART gas makes contact with the sample in the open gap between the DART source outlet and the orifice of the mass spectrometer. However, other glow discharge ionization techniques [20,21] operate by introducing sample vapor through an orifice into a glow discharge region at reduced pressure. Unlike DART, possible sample loss could occur when introduced into a vacuum, and sample damage is possible on direct exposure to an electrical discharge.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening of cocaine and its metabolites in human urine samples by direct analysis in real-time source coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry after online preconcentration utilizing microextraction by packed sorbent

Jagerdeo

Abdel‐Rehim

2009

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

156

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Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) has been evaluated for fast screening of drugs of abuse with mass spectrometric detection. In this study, C8 (octyl-silica, useful for nonpolar to moderately polar compounds), ENV ϩ (hydroxylated polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, for extraction of aliphatic and aromatic polar compounds), Oasis MCX (sulfonic-poly(divinylbenzene-co-N-polyvinyl-pyrrolidone) copolymer), and Clean Screen DAU (mixed mode, ion exchanger for acidic and basic compounds) were used as sorbents for the MEPS. The focus was on fast extraction and preconcentration of the drugs with rapid analysis using a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer as the detector with direct analysis in a real-time (DART) source. The combination of an analysis time of less than 1 min and accurate mass of the first monoisotopic peak of the analyte and the relative abundances of the peaks in the isotopic clusters provided reliable information for identification. Furthermore, the study sought to demonstrate that it is possible to quantify the analyte of interest using a DART source when an internal standard is used. Of all the sorbents used in the study, Clean Screen DAU performed best for extraction of the analytes from urine. Using Clean Screen DAU to extract spiked samples containing the drugs, linearity was demonstrated for ecgonine methyl ester, benzoylecgonine, cocaine, and cocaethylene with average ranges of: 65-910, 75-1100, 95-1200, and 75-1100 ng/mL (n ϭ 5), respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) for ecgonine methyl ester, benzoylecgonine, cocaine, and cocaethylene were 22.9 ng/mL, 23.7 ng/mL, 4.0 ng/mL, and 9.8 ng/mL respectively, using a signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1. B iological samples such as plasma and urine are much more complex than many others due to the presence of proteins, salts, acids, bases, and various organic compounds with similar chemistry to the analytes of interest. As a result, the extraction methods for biological samples have been difficult. If an unsuitable sample preparation method has been employed before the injection, the entire analytical process can be wasted. The purpose of sample preparation is (1) removal of interfering substances to eliminate ion suppression, (2) conversion of the analytes into a more suitable form for injection, separation, and detection, and (3) preconcentration of the analytes to improve sensitivity. The procedure must be highly reproducible, with a high recovery of the target analytes. Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) is a new miniaturized, solid-phase extraction method that can be connected online to a GC or LC system without any modifications. In MEPS approximately 1 to 2 mg of the solid packing material is packed inside a syringe (100 to 250 L) as a plug or between the barrel and the needle (Figure 1a). Sample preparation takes place on the packed bed, which can be coated to provide selective and suitable sampling conditions. This approach to sample preparation is very promising for many reasons: (1) it is easy to use, (2) it can be fully automa...

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“…The authors obtained mass spectra dominated by the molecular parent ion, and reported impressive limits of detection from 1 to 2 ng/L for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and a linear dynamic range spanning more than six orders of magnitude [197]. Guzowski et al [199] coupled a similar device, a direct current gas sampling glow discharge (GSGD), to a TOFMS; Fig. 14 shows the GSGD-MS interface used in the work.…”

Section: Reduced-pressure Plasmas As Tunable Ion Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The Macor sleeve restricts the discharge to the region between the cathode and the grounded skimmer. The discharge is contained within the first vacuum stage of the mass spectrometric interface [reproduced from [199] with permission].…”

Section: Reduced-pressure Plasmas As Tunable Ion Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma-source mass spectrometry for speciation analysis: state-of-the-art

Ray¹,

Andrade²,

Gamez³

et al. 2004

Journal of Chromatography A

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Current and emerging capabilities of plasma-source mass spectrometry (PS-MS) as it is employed for elemental speciation analysis are reviewed. Fundamental concepts and their advantageous aspects, experimental conditions, and analytical performance are described and illustrated by recent examples from the literature. Novel instrumentation, techniques, and strategies for inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), microwave-induced plasma (MIP) mass spectrometry, glow-discharge (GD) mass spectrometry, and electrospray ionization (ESI), among others, are described. The use of ionization sources that provide tunable ionization, others that can be modulated between different sets of operating conditions, and others used in parallel is also examined.

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Development of a direct current gas sampling glow discharge ionization source for the time-of-flight mass spectrometer

Cited by 33 publications

References 20 publications

Glow discharge electron impact ionization source for miniature mass spectrometers

Glow discharge electron impact ionization source for miniature mass spectrometers

Screening of cocaine and its metabolites in human urine samples by direct analysis in real-time source coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry after online preconcentration utilizing microextraction by packed sorbent

Plasma-source mass spectrometry for speciation analysis: state-of-the-art

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