Development of a Fast Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry Method (LC-MS/MS) to Determine Fourteen Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins Based on Fused–Core Technology: In-House Validation

Rossignoli, Araceli E.; Mariño, Carmen; Martín, Helena; Blanco, Juan

doi:10.3390/md19110603

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Most recent OA-group toxin studies have focused on major bivalves such as mussels and oysters (Bazzoni et al 2018 ; Huang et al 2014 ; Kilcoyne and Fux 2010 ; Rossignoli et al 2021 ; Schirone et al 2018 ). However, OA-group toxins can be detected in other bivalves such as clams, cockles, and scallops (Blanco 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and risk assessment of okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, dinophysistoxin-2, and dinophysistoxin-3 in seafood from South Korea

Park,

Cho,

Lee

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The okadaic acid (OA)-group toxins, including OA, dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2), and dinophysistoxin-3 (DTX3), cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning in humans. To manage OA-group toxins more strictly, Korean regulations were recently revised to consider OA, DTX1, DTX2, and DTX3 combined. Thus, our study characterized the occurrence of OA, DTX1, DTX2, and DTX3 in seafood distributed across South Korea, and a risk assessment of seafood consumption was conducted. Two hundred and seventeen samples from 16 bivalve and 7 non-bivalve species collected from three representative coastal areas in 2021 were analyzed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. OA, DTX1, and DTX3 were detected in 2.3%, 4.1%, and 9.2% of the examined samples, with positive mean levels of 11.3, 16.4, and 40.9 µg/kg, respectively. DTX2 was not detected in any of the samples. At least one OA-group toxin was detected in the bivalve samples, including blood clams, pan shells, hard clams, mussels, and scallops, whereas none were detected in non-bivalves. The estimated acute exposure to OA-group toxins through the intake of seafood in the Korean population and consumer groups was low, ranging from 24.7 to 74.5% of the recommended acute reference dose (ARfD) of 0.33 μg OA equivalents/kg body weight. However, for the scallop consumers aged 7–12 years, acute exposure to OA-group toxins exceeded the ARfD, indicating a possible health risk. These results suggest that including DTX3 in the new regulatory limits is appropriate to protect Korean seafood consumers from exposure to OA-group toxins.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and risk assessment of okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, dinophysistoxin-2, and dinophysistoxin-3 in seafood from South Korea

Park,

Cho,

Lee

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The analyses have been carried out on an Exion LC AD™ System (SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA) coupled to a Qtrap 6500+ mass spectrometer (SCIEX) through an IonDrive Turbo V interface in electrospray mode. The chromatographic separation [ 37 ] was made in a Phenomenex (Alcobendas, Spain) Kinetex EVO C18 column 50 mm × 2.1 mm, 2.6 µm using a gradient of water (phase A) and acetonitrile MeCN 90% (phase B), both containing 6.7 mM NH 4 OH (pH 11) [ 38 ]. The gradient started with 22% B, (held for 0.1 min), followed by a linear increment to reach 95% B at minute 1.8, and holding this composition until minute 2.90.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Okadaic Acid Depuration from the Cockle Cerastoderma edule

Blanco¹,

Martín²,

Mariño³

et al. 2022

Toxins

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The cockle Cerastoderma edule is a commercially important species in many European Countries. It can accumulate okadaic acid (OA) and other toxins in its group, which makes it unsuitable for human consumption, producing harvesting bans to avoid intoxications. The duration of those bans depends in part on the depuration kinetics of the toxin in this species. In this work, this kinetics was studied by means of fitting different models to depuration data experimentally obtained, using naturally contaminated cockles. Cockles depurated OA faster than most other bivalve species studied. Models that include Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe the depuration better than those using a first order exponential decrease to describe the first (or the only) compartment. One-compartment models were not able to describe the final part of the depuration curve, in which OA was depurated very slowly. Therefore, two-compartment models were needed. Esters were depurated at a much faster rate than the free form of the toxin; however, no significant esterification was detected during the process. The slow depuration rate suggests that other bivalve species could be used as sentinels to monitor cockle populations, but caution should be taken when toxin concentrations are very high.

show abstract

“…The analyses were carried out on an Exion LC AD™System (SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA) coupled to a Qtrap 6500+ mass spectrometer (SCIEX) through an IonDrive TurboV interface in electrospray mode. A total of 13 GYMs were screened according to Rossignoli et al [46], with slight modifications. Briefly, the toxins were separated using a Gemini NX C18 column 50 mm (length) × 2 mm (id), 3 μm (particle Once the samples were thawed, the soft tissues were homogenized in methanol 100% (1:4 w/v) with an Ultraturrax T25 (IKA, Staufen, Germany) to extract the toxins.…”

Section: Gymsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Report of Two Gymnodimines and Two Tetrodotoxin Analogues in Invertebrates from the North Atlantic Coast of Spain

Rossignoli¹,

Mariño²,

Martín³

et al. 2023

Marine Drugs

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Gymnodimine D (GYM D), 16-desmethyl gymnodimine D (16-desmethyl GYM D), and two tetrodotoxin analogues have been found in invertebrates obtained from the north Atlantic coast of Spain from May 2021 to October 2022. It is the first report of GYMD and 16-desmethyl GYM D in invertebrates worldwide and of the tetrodotoxin analogues, 5,6,11 trideoxy tetrodotoxin (5,6,11 trideoxy TTX) and its isomer (referred to as 5,6,11 trideoxy-epi-TTX), in the north Atlantic Coast of Spain. In this study, we also report for the first time the detection of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in three species (the cnidaria Calliactis parasitica, an unidentified species, and the bivalve Tellina donacina). The prevalence was medium for GYM D and 16-desmethyl GYM D and low for TTXs overall. The concentrations recorded were variable, with maximum values of GYM D in the bivalve Cerastoderma edule (8.8 μg GYM A equivalents kg−1), of 16-desmethyl GYM D in the bivalve Magellana gigas (10 μg GYM A equivalents kg−1) and of TTX and 5,6,11 trideoxy TTX in the cnidaria C. parasitica (49.7 and 233 μg TTX equivalents kg−1, respectively). There is very scarce information about these compounds. Therefore, the reporting of these new detections will increase the knowledge on the current incidence of marine toxins in Europe that the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), in particular, and the scientific community, in general, have. This study also highlights the importance of analyzing toxin analogues and metabolites for effective monitoring programs and adequate health protection.

show abstract

Development of a Fast Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry Method (LC-MS/MS) to Determine Fourteen Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins Based on Fused–Core Technology: In-House Validation

Cited by 11 publications

References 29 publications

Occurrence and risk assessment of okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, dinophysistoxin-2, and dinophysistoxin-3 in seafood from South Korea

Occurrence and risk assessment of okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, dinophysistoxin-2, and dinophysistoxin-3 in seafood from South Korea

Okadaic Acid Depuration from the Cockle Cerastoderma edule

First Report of Two Gymnodimines and Two Tetrodotoxin Analogues in Invertebrates from the North Atlantic Coast of Spain

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About