Development of a FRET-based ratiometric fluorescent probe to monitor the changes in palladium(ii) in aqueous solution and living cells

Abstract

We have developed a new small-molecule based, mitochondrial-targeted ratiometric fluorescent palladium(ii) probe (CR-Pd). Fluorescence imaging shows that CR-Pd is suitable for the ratiometric visualization of palladium(ii) in living cells.

Determination of Pd2+ by Fluorescence Enhancement caused by an Off‐Switching of an Energy‐ and an Electron Transfer

“…Further, Lin et al. developed a selective and ratiometric fluorescent probe for Pd 2+ based on a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) [3] . A further strategy to detect Pd 2+ by a large FE is the use of a Pd 2+ or Pd 0 catalyzed chemical reaction, which converts a non‐fluorescent molecule to a very strong fluorescent molecule [4a–c] .…”

“…[2] Further, Lin et al developed a selective and ratiometric fluorescent probe for Pd 2 + based on a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). [3] A further strategy to detect Pd 2 + by a large FE is the use of a Pd 2 + or Pd 0 catalyzed chemical reaction, which converts a nonfluorescent molecule to a very strong fluorescent molecule. [4a-c] Overall, Peng et al [5a] and Liu et al [5b] summarized in their review articles the previous findings in the field of palladium sensing by fluorescence spectroscopy.…”

Mitochondrial Targeting and Imaging with Small Organic Conjugated Fluorophores: A Review

“…The role of systematic substitution in a series of meso-phenyl probes bearing methylpyridinium as mitochondrial targeting unit has also been evaluated. [62] Importantly for design purposes, analogues to their successful probe (42) bearing either selenophene or bromine substitution on positions 2 and 6 were observed to be cytotoxic. There also have been other attempts at employing selenium in mesoselenide neutral BODIPYs.…”

“…It should be noted that reports where such core motifs are utilized as building blocks in polymeric materials or ligands in metal complexes or bear significant structural alterations to an extent that the properties of the molecules do not resemble those of the key core chemistry are not within the remit of this review. Similarly, so‐called hybrid materials encompassing the photophysical properties of more than one core motif were not reviewed in this work [36–43] . In the case of small molecules whose intended purpose or application was different (e. g., photodynamic therapy) whilst exhibiting mitochondrial accumulation, these were included for completeness and to inform future design strategies.…”

“…Similarly, so‐called hybrid materials encompassing the photophysical properties of more than one core motif were not reviewed in this work. [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ] In the case of small molecules whose intended purpose or application was different (e. g., photodynamic therapy) whilst exhibiting mitochondrial accumulation, these were included for completeness and to inform future design strategies. First, we make use of the well‐known Jablonski diagram to provide a comprehensive overview of the different photophysical processes upon light absorption and identify sought‐after characteristics that can serve to design judicious approaches.…”