Development of a gall-resistant stainless-steel hardfacing alloy

Smith, Ryan; Doran, Marc; Gandy, David; Babu, S. S.; Wu, L.; Ramírez, Antonio J.; Anderson, Peter M.

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2018.01.020

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In the literature, a number of authors consider such transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) behaviour to be beneficial in galling resistance, however, this is yet to be confirmed. [18,29].…”

Section: Tribologically Affected Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although work has predominantly been focussed upon the mechanism of surface deformation and failure, some work has also been carried out on the subsurface changes observed after adhesive wear and galling. A number of authors have reported the formation of a heavily sheared sub-surface region [8,18] which, for austenitic stainless steels has been found to contain strain-induced α -martensite (SIM) [18,19]. As such, martensite is widely considered to be a source of galling resistance in stainless steels since the reduction in galling resistance correlates with the reduction in SIM formation at elevated temperatures [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The interaction of galling and oxidation in 316L stainless steel

Rogers

Bowden

Unnikrishnan

et al. 2020

Wear

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The galling behaviour of 316L stainless steel was investigated in both the unoxidised and oxidised states, after exposure in simulated PWR water for 850 h. Galling testing was performed according to ASTM G196 in ambient conditions. 316L was found to gall by the wedge growth and flow mechanism in both conditions. This resulted in folds ahead of the prow and adhesive junction, forming a heavily sheared multilayered prow. The galling trough was seen to have failed through successive shear failure during wedge flow. Immediately beneath the surface a highly sheared nanocrystalline layer was seen, termed the tribologically affected zone (TAZ). It was observed that strain-induced martensite formed within the TAZ. Galling damage was quantified using R t (maximum height -maximum depth) and galling area (the proportion of the sample which is considered galled), and it was shown that both damage measures decreased significantly on the oxidised samples. At an applied normal stress of 4.2 MPa the galled area was 14 % vs. 1.2 % and the R t was 780 µm vs. 26 µm for the unoxidised and oxidised sample respectively. This trend was present at higher applied normal stresses, although less prominent. This difference in galling behaviour is likely to be a result of a reduction in adhesion in the case of the oxidised surface.

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Section: Tribologically Affected Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interaction of galling and oxidation in 316L stainless steel

Rogers

Bowden

Unnikrishnan

et al. 2020

Wear

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show abstract

“…Work is underway in this laboratory to introduce nitrogen into the hardfacing alloys to form nitrides, carbo-nitrides or simply nitrogen as an alloying element. Nitrogen has been added to stainless steels to improve corrosion resistance [36,37]. By developing the Pourbaix diagrams for various carbides [12], it can be seen that the formation of passive layers will result in the dissociation of carbides, and erosive particles will likely remove the oxide layer resulting in erosion-corrosion.…”

Section: Stability Of Carbides Of Hcwi and Pourbaix Diagramsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion Behaviour of High-Chromium White Iron Hardfacing Alloys in an Alkaline Solution

Marimuthu

Kannoorpatti

2016

J Bio Tribo Corros

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Hardfacing alloys of high-chromium white irons (HCWI) deposited using welding are well known for their wear resistance. These materials are applied in conditions needing not only wear resistance but also corrosion. In this study, the HCWI alloys were exposed to alkaline solutions of pH 14. Anodic polarization technique was used to study the corrosion behaviour. The experimental results found that corrosion occurs on carbides in preference to the matrix. Pourbaix diagrams of carbides were found to be very useful in explaining the corrosion behaviour of the hardfacing alloys. The significance of carbide corrosion to the use of hardfacing alloys is discussed. Possible methods to mitigate corrosion are proposed.

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“…Nitrogen into the hardfacing alloys can form nitrides, carbo-nitrides or simply nitrogen as an alloying element. Nitrogen has been added in stainless steel to improve corrosion resistance [48,49].…”

Section: Stability Of Passive Formation Of Matrix and Pourbaix Diagramsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion Behaviour of High Chromium White Iron Hardfacing Alloys in Acidic and Neutral Solutions

Marimuthu

Kannoorpatti

2016

J Bio Tribo Corros

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Hardfacing alloys of High Chromium White Irons (HCWI) were deposited on low carbon steel using Shielded Metal Arc Welding. Microstructure of HCWI consists of primary carbides, eutectic carbides and eutectic austenitic/martensitic matrix. This study investigated the corrosion behaviour of HCWI in both acid and neutral solutions. The corrosion behaviour of HCWI was evaluated using anodic polarisation technique. It was found that in acid solution at pH 1.5, corrosion occurs on eutectic austenite/martensitic matrix whereas at pH 2, the corrosion occurs on eutectic carbides. In the neutral environment at pH 7, corrosion of HCWI occurred in the eutectic austenite/martensite matrix in the presence of chloride ions, while in the buffered solution, corrosion occurred in the carbides. The results of this study show that the corrosion mechanism of HCWI for both acid and neutral environments was due to potential difference between carbides and eutectic austenite/martensitic matrix. The superimposed Pourbaix diagrams of chromium carbides with iron (Fe) and niobium carbide were useful in explaining the behaviour of HCWI in both acid and neutral solutions.

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Development of a gall-resistant stainless-steel hardfacing alloy

Cited by 22 publications

References 40 publications

The interaction of galling and oxidation in 316L stainless steel

The interaction of galling and oxidation in 316L stainless steel

Corrosion Behaviour of High-Chromium White Iron Hardfacing Alloys in an Alkaline Solution

Corrosion Behaviour of High Chromium White Iron Hardfacing Alloys in Acidic and Neutral Solutions

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