“…In recent years, the integration of nanomaterials has gained significant attention in biosensing due to the exceptional advantages offered by the nanomaterials, including nanoscale dimensions, large surface area, high tunability, and adsorption capabilities. − Moreover, a substantial amount of research has focused on synergizing the properties of two or more nanomaterials along with an effective functionalization of the nanomaterial biorecognition element via covalent or noncovalent interactions. − Furthermore, this not only stabilizes the sensing interface but also facilitates easy read-out and enables enhanced recognition of analytes, particularly important for detecting disease biomarkers and pathogens. , Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) has emerged as a promising two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor with tunable bandgap energy, facilitating efficient charge transfer for electrochemical biosensors. , To harness the physiochemical properties to their fullest, exfoliating bulk g-C 3 N 4 into nanosheets is a common strategy, which significantly increases the surface area for immobilization of biorecognition elements. , These g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets (g-C 3 N 4 -NS) have gained significant attention in various biosensing applications, such as photoelectrochemical, electrochemiluminescence, fluorescence, colorimetric, and electrochemical. , Moreover, metal oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) known for their large surface area and catalytic capability have been reported to be employed in combination with other nanomaterials and have been found to elevate the performance of the biosensors . Zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO 2 NPs) exhibit great potential in biosensing, , although research on their applications is relatively scarce compared to other metal oxide nanoparticles.…”