Development of a luminescence syncytium induction assay (LuSIA) for easily detecting and quantitatively measuring bovine leukemia virus infection

Sato, Hirotaka; Watanuki, Sonoko; Murakami, Hironobu; Sato, Reiichiro; Ishizaki, Hiroshi; Aida, Yoko

doi:10.1007/s00705-018-3744-7

Cited by 31 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Previous studies have demonstrated that the proviral load, which represents the BLV genome integrated into the host genome, is an important index for estimating the BLV infection stage. Proviral load is associated with disease progression [37,38,39], lymphocyte count [40], viral biokinetics [41], viral infectivity [42], and virus shedding into the saliva and nasal secretions [43]. Among the cows with high risk for BLV transmission, the cows in which BLV provirus was detected in the nasal secretion and saliva had a proviral load of over 14,000 copies/10 5 cells and 18,000 copies/10 5 cells in their blood sample, respectively [43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New evidence of bovine leukemia virus circulating in Myanmar cattle through epidemiological and molecular characterization

Moe

Polat²,

Borjigin³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, which is the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. BLV infects cattle worldwide and causes serious problems for the cattle industry. In this study, we examined the prevalence of BLV infection and the distribution of BLV genotypes in cattle in the northern, central, and southern parts of Myanmar. The prevalence of BLV infection among Myanmar cattle (37.04%) in this study was markedly higher than the prevalence (9.1%) observed in our earlier study in which BLV was detected from the limited number of cattle only from a small area of Myanmar. Phylogenetic analysis of partial env-gp51 sequence of the isolated BLV strains revealed that there are at least three BLV genotypes (genotype-1, genotype-6, and genotype-10) in Myanmar, which have also been detected in the neighboring countries. We performed this study to estimate the BLV proviral load, which is a major diagnosis index for determining the virus transmission risk. The cattle of the three test regions with warm, wet, and humid climatic conditions (upper Sagaing, Yangon, and Kayin) exhibited a high mean proviral load, while cattle of three other regions with low annual rainfall and very high temperature (Mandalay, Magway, and upper Bago) exhibited a low mean proviral load. Further, the level of proviral load and the prevalence of BLV infection in Myanmar native cattle (N = 235) were lower than that in the hybrid cattle (Holstein Friesian × Myanmar native) (N = 62). We also observed that the cattle with high risk for BLV transmission, which have high proviral load, may enhance the BLV infection rate. Hence, to control BLV transmission, it is necessary to eliminate these cattle with high-risk for BLV transmission and to diagnose BLV provirus in cattle in the remaining regions/states of Myanmar sharing a boundary with neighboring countries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New evidence of bovine leukemia virus circulating in Myanmar cattle through epidemiological and molecular characterization

Moe

Polat²,

Borjigin³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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“…BLV proviral load (PVL), which represents the retroviral genome integrated into the host genome ( 5 , 6 ), correlates strongly with not only BLV infection capacity as assessed by syncytium formation ( 7 , 8 ), but also EBL progression ( 7 , 9 , 10 ). Additionally, it is a useful index for estimating transmission risk ( 11 , 12 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Molecular Characterization of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Egyptian Dairy Cattle

Hamada

Metwally

Polat³

et al. 2020

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), the most common neoplastic disease in cattle worldwide. The first EBL outbreak in Egypt was reported in 1997. To date, there are few studies regarding BLV diagnosis using only serological detection and no studies investigating the distribution of BLV provirus, which is the retroviral genome integrated into the host genome, in Egypt. The genetic characteristics of Egyptian BLV strains are also unknown. Therefore, we aimed to detect BLV provirus and determine BLV genetic variability among dairy cattle in Egypt. We collected 270 blood samples of dairy cattle from 24 farms located in five provinces in Egypt. Out of the 270 samples, 58 (21.5%) were positive for BLV provirus. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18 420-bp selected sequences out of 50 isolates of the BLV env -gp51 gene demonstrated that Egyptian BLV isolates were clustered into genotype-1 and-4, among 11 genotypes detected worldwide. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis and alignment of the 501-bp sequence of the env- gp51 gene revealed that at least six genetically different strains are present in Egypt. Genotype-1 isolates comprised four different strains (G1-a, G1-b, G1-c, and G1-d) and genotype-4 isolates included two different strains (G4-x and G4-y). Moreover, in one farm with 100% infection rate, we identified three isolates of G1-a strain, 35 isolates of G4-x strain, and two isolates of G4-y strain. Overall, this study provides the new report on molecular prevalence of BLV in Egypt and records the coexistence of BLV genotype-1 and-4 in Egyptian cattle.

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“…Conventional syncytia formation assay was performed as described previously [33]. Transfected CC81 cells were fixed using May-Grunwald solution (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) for 2 min and then stained with May-Grunwald solution diluted with phosphate buffer for 3 min and with diluted Giemsa solution (Sigma-Aldrich) for 15 min.…”

Section: Syncytia Formation Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Three YXXL Sequences of a Bovine Leukemia Virus Transmembrane Protein are Independently Required for Fusion Activity by Controlling Expression on the Cell Membrane

Matsuura

Inabe

Otsuki

et al. 2019

Viruses

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Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), which is closely related to human T-cell leukemia viruses, is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. The transmembrane subunit of the BLV envelope glycoprotein, gp30, contains three completely conserved YXXL sequences that fit an endocytic sorting motif. The two N-terminal YXXL sequences are reportedly critical for viral infection. However, their actual function in the viral life cycle remains undetermined. Here, we identified the novel roles of each YXXL sequence. Syncytia formation ability was upregulated by a single mutation of the tyrosine (Tyr) residue in any of the three YXXL sequences, indicating that each YXXL sequence is independently able to regulate the fusion event. The alteration resulted from significantly high expression of gp51 on the cell surface, thereby decreasing the amount of gp51 in early endosomes and further revealing that the three YXXL sequences are independently required for internalization of the envelope (Env) protein, following transport to the cell surface. Moreover, the 2nd and 3rd YXXL sequences contributed to Env protein incorporation into the virion by functionally distinct mechanisms. Our findings provide new insights regarding the three YXXL sequences toward the BLV viral life cycle and for developing new anti-BLV drugs.

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Development of a luminescence syncytium induction assay (LuSIA) for easily detecting and quantitatively measuring bovine leukemia virus infection

Cited by 31 publications

References 39 publications

New evidence of bovine leukemia virus circulating in Myanmar cattle through epidemiological and molecular characterization

New evidence of bovine leukemia virus circulating in Myanmar cattle through epidemiological and molecular characterization

Detection and Molecular Characterization of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Egyptian Dairy Cattle

Three YXXL Sequences of a Bovine Leukemia Virus Transmembrane Protein are Independently Required for Fusion Activity by Controlling Expression on the Cell Membrane

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