This paper investigated the evaluation of the concrete damage degree due to steel bar corrosion for reinforced concrete structures. Brillouin optical fiber time domain analysis (BOTDA) sensors were developed to monitor the steel bar corrosion expansion strain. Electrochemical accelerating experimental results showed the sensors could be used for early detection and the lifelong monitoring. The damage factor was proposed to quantitatively evaluate the concrete damage degree before initial cracking and during the development of cracks. Finite element analysis was performed on concrete specimens to map the monitoring results with the damage factor, which supported the capability of the damage factor.