Development of a Magnetic Electrochemical Bar Code Array for Point Mutation Detection in the H5N1 Neuraminidase Gene

Abstract

Since its first official detection in the Guangdong province of China in 1996, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of H5N1 subtype (HPAI H5N1) has reportedly been the cause of outbreaks in birds in more than 60 countries, 24 of which were European. The main issue is still to develop effective antiviral drugs. In this case, single point mutation in the neuraminidase gene, which causes resistance to antiviral drug and is, therefore, subjected to many studies including ours, was observed. In this study, we developed magnetic electrochemical bar code array for detection of single point mutations (mismatches in up to four nucleotides) in H5N1 neuraminidase gene. Paramagnetic particles Dynabeads® with covalently bound oligo (dT)25 were used as a tool for isolation of complementary H5N1 chains (H5N1 Zhejin, China and Aichi). For detection of H5N1 chains, oligonucleotide chains of lengths of 12 (+5 adenine) or 28 (+5 adenine) bp labeled with quantum dots (CdS, ZnS and/or PbS) were used. Individual probes hybridized to target molecules specifically with efficiency higher than 60%. The obtained signals identified mutations present in the sequence. Suggested experimental procedure allows obtaining further information from the redox signals of nucleic acids. Moreover, the used biosensor exhibits sequence specificity and low limits of detection of subnanogram quantities of target nucleic acids.

Electrochemical Biosensing for the Diagnosis of Viral Infections and Tropical Diseases

“…The primary risk factor for human infection appears to be direct or indirect exposure to infected live or dead animals or contaminated environments . Influenza viruses can develop resistance to pharmacological mechanism of neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) that is based on the loss of binding affinity of these drugs …”

“…This approach achieved LODs of 0.1 ng mL −1 (Cd‐QDs), 0.5 ng mL −1 (Zn‐QDs) and 1 ng mL −1 (Pb‐QDs). Using a similar approach, same authors developed a magnetic electrochemical bar code array for point mutation detection (mismatches in up to four nucleotides) in the H5N1 neuraminidase (NA) gene …”

Nanoscale virus biosensors: state of the art

“…Different authors employed a variety of nanomaterials such as graphene, 103,104 gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), 102,105 magnetic and nonmagnetic particles, 106,107 and carbon nanotubes 108 for modification of the base of the transducers.…”

Electrochemical Detection of RNA

“…The authors determined a limit of detection of 23 pM in rat liver lysate applying this biosensor technique. Krejcova et al (2013) combined a fully automated paramagnetic particle-based isolation system and electrochemical detection of oligonucleotides labeled with quantum dots (QDs) for detection of point mutations in neuraminidase gene of influenza virus H5N1. The metal part of the oligonucleotide QDs was detected by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry.…”