Development of a New Electrochemical Sensor Based on Molecularly Imprinted Biopolymer for Determination of 4,4′-Methylene Diphenyl Diamine

Abstract

A new molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor was proposed to determine 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diamine (MDA) using molecularly imprinted polymer–multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode (MIP/MWCNTs/GCE). GCE was coated by MWCNTs (MWCNTs/GCE) because of their antifouling qualities and in order to improve the sensor sensitivity. To make the whole sensor, a polymeric film made up of chitosan nanoparticles was electrodeposited by the cyclic voltammetry method on the surface of MWCNTs/GCE in the presence of MDA as a template. Different parameters such as scan cycles, elution time, incubation time, molar ratio of template molecules to functional monomers, and pH were optimized to increase the performance of the MIP sensor. With a detection limit of 15 nM, a linear response to MDA was seen in the concentration range of 0.5–100 µM. The imprinting factor (IF) of the proposed sensor was also calculated at around 3.66, demonstrating the extremely high recognition performance of a MIP/MWCNT-modified electrode. Moreover, the sensor exhibited good reproducibility and selectivity. Finally, the proposed sensor was efficiently used to determine MDA in real samples with satisfactory recoveries ranging from 94.10% to 106.76%.

Anti-Fouling Strategies of Electrochemical Sensors for Tumor Markers

“…The result of such biosensors agreed well with ELISA in the detection of clinical serum samples [94]. An immunoplatform with high specificity and anti-fouling performance could be established in the hydrophilicity of the hydrogel coupled with the specificity of the An immunoplatform with high specificity and anti-fouling performance could be established in the hydrophilicity of the hydrogel coupled with the specificity of the molecular imprinting technique [95]. Luo et al synthesized a protein-imprinted hydrogel that has temperature-responsive PNiPAAm chains.…”

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“…IgG-imprinted hydrogel on GCE [162] Free radical copolymerization using APS as an initiator and tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) as a promoter on GCE Alginate gel-based MIP and hyaluronic acid (HA) coated carbon SPEs [ 166] Polymerization involving Protein molecularly-imprinted alginate gel [ 167] Polymerization involving Molecularly imprinted polymer -MWCNTs-modified GCE [168] Electropolymerization Aptamer-MIP hybrid receptor [ 170] Electropolymerization Stimuli-responsive polymer-based electrochemical biosensors Thermoresponsive polymer of NIPAM and OEGMA on gold electrode [ 171] Electrochemically induced polymerization Amperometry Glucose using enzyme High resistance to 1.25 mg mL −1 HSA adsorption (for 60 min); no quantitative data Not reported…”

“…The proposed sensor was effectively employed for the determination of leached MDA concentrations in packaging bags filled with food simulant solution followed autoclaving, achieving satisfactory recoveries ranging from 94.1% to 106.8%. [168] Cui et al used dopamine self-polymerization to create an MIP consisting of conductive graphdiyne, anti-fouling PEG, and coating-enabling polydopamine in the presence of Creactive protein (CRP), followed by removal of CRP using acetone. The prepared MIP showed high-antifouling (≈5% change in R CT upon incubation in 10% FBS for 30 min) and detected CRP with a LOD of 0.41 × 10 −5 ng mL −1 in both buffer and 10% FBS.…”

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Biomimetic Systems for Sensing Environmental Contaminants, Biomarkers, and Bioimaging Applications

“…Furthermore, the different parameters, such as incubation time, scan cycles, elution time, pH, and molar ratio of template molecules to monomers, were optimized to enhance the sensor’s sensitivity with a final LOD value of 15 nM. The actual sample analysis of MDA was performed, and the recovery rate was between 94.10% and 106.76% [ 129 ]. Zhou et al designed the gold nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide (AuNP/RGO) modified MIP sensor for the selective detection of nitrofurazone (an antibiotic drug).…”