Development of a new power injection model with embedded multi-control functions for static synchronous series compensator

Modeling FACTS for power flow purposes: A common framework

“…This device is a combination of a series device and a shunt device, so it will add one operating constraint and two control equations. The operating constraints are specified in the equations (32) and (33). They are based on the assumption that there is no energy storage, so the active power consumed by the shunt device has to be provided by the series one or viceverse:…”

“…Regardless of the chosen model, most of the authors use the admittance matrix approach to describe systems with embedded FACTS [16,29,33,[35][36][37][38], being the Newton-Raphson the archetype algorithm for solving these models [4,16,17,26,29,32,33,35,36,[38][39][40][41]. However, the use of the admittance matrix approach presents some serious drawbacks [42]:…”

Heuristic Optimization Method for Power System Protection Coordination — An Intelligent Tool for Energy Efficiency Improvement

“…On the other hand, the setting and coordination of protective relays is mainly based on the short circuit current seen by the relays. However, the short circuit current value seen by the relays can be varied according to various parameters such as: FACTS devices [18][19][20], current limiters, resistance faults, series compensation, wind turbines, and power system topology variation. In this case, the setting and coordination of protective relays must be recomputed.…”

A novel power flow model of a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

“…When an SSSC injects an alternating voltage which leads the line current, it emulates an inductive reactance in series with the transmission line causing the power flow as well as the line current to decrease as the level of compensation increases and the SSSC is considered to be operating in an inductive mode. When an SSSC injects an alternating voltage lagging the line current it emulates a capacitive reactance in series with the transmission line causing the power flow and the line current to increase as the level of compensation increases and the SSSC is considered to be operating in a capacitive mode [6][7][8][9][10].…”