Development of a new zinc oxide/tin oxide/carbon xerogel photocatalyst for visible light photodegradation of 4-chlorophenol

Moraes, Nícolas Perciani de; Goes, Clarice Moreira; Sperandio, Daniel Couto; Rocha, Robson da Silva; Landers, Richard; Thangadurai, P.; Rodrigues, Liana Álvares

doi:10.1016/j.mseb.2021.115183

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…with a carbonaceous support/adsorbent possessing a high adsorption capacity toward the target organic contaminants. In recent years, CXs have been utilized as such adsorbents due to their tunable porosity and high surface area [87,[149][150][151][152][153][154][155]. These materials were used for the removal of Rhodamine B, methylene blue, 4-chlorophenol, bisphenol A, and acetaminophen from water.…”

Section: Photocatalytically Active Composite Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ternary composite ZnO/g-C 3 N 4 /CX with an optimal composition showed 92% and 72% degradation of 4-chlorophenol under solar and visible radiation, correspondingly. Such composite materials can be synthesized via a one-step co-gelation approach [150,151,153]. The photocatalytic performance of the materials can be improved by tuning the composition of the catalysts as well as by introducing functional groups on the surface of CXs [149].…”

Section: Photocatalytically Active Composite Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Resorcinol–Formaldehyde-Derived Carbon Xerogels: Preparation, Functionalization, and Application Aspects

Veselov,

Vedyagin

2023

Materials

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Carbon xerogels (CXs) are materials obtained via the pyrolysis of resins prepared via the sol–gel polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde. These materials attract great attention as adsorbents, catalyst supports, and energy storage materials. One of the most interesting features of CXs is the possibility of fine-tuning their structures and textures by changing the synthesis conditions in the sol–gel stage. Thus, the first part of this review is devoted to the processes taking place in the polycondensation stage of organic precursors. The formation of hydroxymethyl derivatives of resorcinol and their polycondensation take place at this stage. Both of these processes are catalyzed by acids or bases. It is revealed that the sol–gel synthesis conditions, such as pH, the formaldehyde/resorcinol ratio, concentration, and the type of basic modifier, all affect the texture of the materials being prepared. The variation in these parameters allows one to obtain CXs with pore sizes ranging from 2–3 nm to 100–200 nm. The possibility of using other precursors for the preparation of organic aerogels is examined as well. For instance, if phenol is used instead of resorcinol, the capabilities of the sol–gel method become rather limited. At the same time, other phenolic compounds can be applied with great efficiency. The methods of gel drying and the pyrolysis conditions are also reviewed. Another important aspect analyzed within this review is the surface modification of CXs by introducing various functional groups and heteroatoms. It is shown that compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, boron, or phosphorus can be introduced at the polycondensation stage to incorporate these elements into the gel structure. Thus, the highest surface amount of nitrogen (6–11 at%) was achieved in the case of the polycondensation of formaldehyde with melamine and hydroxyaniline. Finally, the methods of preparing metal-doped CXs are overviewed. Special attention is paid to the introduction of a metal precursor in the gelation step. The elements of the iron subgroup (Fe, Ni, Co) were found to catalyze carbon graphitization. Therefore, their introduction can be useful for enhancing the electrochemical properties of CXs. However, since the metal surface is often covered by carbon, such materials are poorly applicable to conventional catalytic processes. In summary, the applications of CXs and metal-doped CXs are briefly mentioned. Among the promising application areas, Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and adsorbents are of special interest.

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Section: Photocatalytically Active Composite Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photocatalytically Active Composite Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resorcinol–Formaldehyde-Derived Carbon Xerogels: Preparation, Functionalization, and Application Aspects

Veselov,

Vedyagin

2023

Materials

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“…In metal oxide, we need the semiconductor properties to ensure the effectiveness of chlorine gas detection. Semiconductor interfaces can be organized into three types of heterojunctions: straddling gap (type I), staggered gap (type II), or broken gap (type III) [84]. The energy of the carriers at least one of the band edges must change as those carriers pass through the heterojunction.…”

Section: Metal Oxide Sensors Metal Oxide Sensors (Mos) Relymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensing Techniques on Determination of Chlorine Gas and Free Chlorine in Water

et al. 2022

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Chlorine gas is a greenish-yellow gas that is one of the most utilized gases in numerous industrial fields. It has been categorized as a choking agent that can threaten human, animal, and environmental safety. Currently, development of highly sensitive, selective, and precise chlorine sensors receives much attention. This review focuses on several sensing techniques used for chlorine gas and free chlorine in water. The fundamental working principles, as well as the sensing mechanisms of chlorine detection covering spectrophotometric, electrochemical, and optical techniques, are described. A comparison of various sensing materials is also discussed. Finally, an overview of the future improvements needed of high-performance chlorine sensors was suggested.

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“…Binary zinc oxide–tin dioxide systems may form two types of ternary compositions depending on the processing temperature and ratio of reactants: a zinc orthostannate (ZTO) with the Zn 2 SnO 4 composition as well as a metastable, perovskite-type, zinc metastannate (ZnSnO 3 ) . ZTO remains stable under extreme conditions and is a promising n-type semiconductor material for a broad range of applications such as photovoltaics, − batteries, sensing , technologies, and photocatalysts. − For example, conversely to commonly used TiO 2 in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), ZTO exhibits superior and unique properties of high electrical conductivity and electron mobility (10–15 cm 2 V –1 s –1 ) and also low visible absorption. , The wide band gap energy of ZTO (3.6 eV) is responsible for enhanced photostability against UV light and reduces photobleaching in DSSCs . Moreover, the band gap energy of ZTO can be readily tuned by controlling the internal-defect states, − the change of Zn/Sn ratio, or doping with metals. − The physicochemical properties and morphologies of ZTO materials properties are very often strongly affected by their processing procedures. ,− Among various methods of ZTO synthesis, such as hydrothermal, , sputtering, and sol–gel, , the solid-state process exhibits a lot of advantages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Innovative Solid-State Approach to Zinc Orthostannate: Remarkable Sintering Temperature Reduction via Lithium Doping and Mechanochemical Activation of Low-Melting Precursors

Marynowski

Saski

Pałuba

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.

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Zinc orthostannate, often called zinc tin oxide (ZTO), possesses unique physical characteristics and is a promising wide band gap (3.6 eV) n-type semiconductor material for a broad range of applications. The standard solid-state fabrication of ZTO requires prolonged heat treatment of zinc oxide and stannic oxide powders at around 1000 °C. The biggest drawback of this process is the evaporation of zinc oxide during the synthesis. We report an innovative and efficient mechanochemically supported solid-state approach to Li-doped ZTO synthesis with the implementation of a low-melting lithium hydroxide sintering aid, which offers a significant lowering of the sintering temperature down to 850 °C and time to 90 min, maintaining the high quality of the resulting Lidoped ZTO materials. The effect of sintering temperatures in the range 850−900 °C on photoluminescence characteristics of the ZTO materials was studied, and the PL spectra well corroborate with the XPS data and the presence of O as well as Zn or Sn vacancies. The band gap value of the resulting ZTO materials oscillated around 3.6 eV. Moreover, a comprehensive spectroscopic and microscopic examination of the optimized Li-doped ZTO materials provided more profound insight into its vacancy-mediated formation via liquid-phase sintering and its gradual advancement in the low-temperature regime of 850−900 °C. Additionally, the surface analysis of the selected highest quality materials enabled the determination of the Zn diffusion from the Li-doped ZTO lattice to its surface, expanding the knowledge of the diffusion−evaporation process.

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Development of a new zinc oxide/tin oxide/carbon xerogel photocatalyst for visible light photodegradation of 4-chlorophenol

Cited by 15 publications

References 45 publications

Resorcinol–Formaldehyde-Derived Carbon Xerogels: Preparation, Functionalization, and Application Aspects

Resorcinol–Formaldehyde-Derived Carbon Xerogels: Preparation, Functionalization, and Application Aspects

Sensing Techniques on Determination of Chlorine Gas and Free Chlorine in Water

An Innovative Solid-State Approach to Zinc Orthostannate: Remarkable Sintering Temperature Reduction via Lithium Doping and Mechanochemical Activation of Low-Melting Precursors

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