Development of a Non-Invasive Blink Reflexometer

Tsai, Nancey Trevanian; Goodwin, Jesse S.; Semler, Mark E.; Kothera, Ronald T.; Horn, Mark Van; Wolf, Bethany J.; Garner, Dena P.

doi:10.1109/jtehm.2017.2782669

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The EyeStat device ( Figure 1 ) is a portable viewer in which the computer records high-speed video (280 frames/s) of the subject’s eyes with infrared cameras [ 32 ]. The air puffs initiated from a food grade carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) cartridge delivered filtered air at 40 psi at prescribed and random intervals during the testing period and randomly to the right or left eye [ 33 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validating a Portable Device for Blinking Analyses through Laboratory Neurophysiological Techniques

et al. 2022

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Blinking analysis contributes to the understanding of physiological mechanisms in healthy subjects as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurological diseases. To date, blinking is assessed by various neurophysiological techniques, including electromyographic (EMG) recordings and optoelectronic motion analysis. We recorded eye-blink kinematics with a new portable device, the EyeStat (Generation 3, blinktbi, Inc., Charleston, SC, USA), and compared the measurements with data obtained using traditional laboratory-based techniques. Sixteen healthy adults underwent voluntary, spontaneous, and reflex blinking recordings using the EyeStat device and the SMART motion analysis system (BTS, Milan, Italy). During the blinking recordings, the EMG activity was recorded from the orbicularis oculi muscles using surface electrodes. The blinking data were analyzed through dedicated software and evaluated with repeated-measure analyses of variance. The Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient served to assess possible associations between the EyeStat device, the SMART motion system, and the EMG data. We found that the EMG data collected during the EyeStat and SMART system recordings did not differ. The blinking data recorded with the EyeStat showed a linear relationship with the results obtained with the SMART system (r ranging from 0.85 to 0.57; p ranging from <0.001 to 0.02). These results demonstrate a high accuracy and reliability of a blinking analysis through this portable device, compared with standard techniques. EyeStat may make it easier to record blinking in research activities and in daily clinical practice, thus allowing large-scale studies in healthy subjects and patients with neurological diseases in an outpatient clinic setting.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validating a Portable Device for Blinking Analyses through Laboratory Neurophysiological Techniques

et al. 2022

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“…Systems that capture eyeblink responses remotely with the help of high-speed digital recording technology seem to solve most of the aforementioned issues. Such capturing devices are used experimentally and commercially in applications such as identification of concussion head injuries (blink reflexometers) (Tsai et al 2017). Also blink detection is used in eye tracking studies, pupil delineation and pupilography.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel optical non-intrusive method for measuring acoustic startle reflex in humans

Balogiannis

Stachtea²,

Yova³

et al. 2020

Physiol. Meas.

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Objective: The development of a new non-intrusive optical system for remotely measuring acoustic startle reflex (ASR) in humans. Approach: The eye reflex movement during an acoustic stimulation session is recorded through a high-speed digital camera. The eyes region is isolated by the rest of the face by an advanced pyramid-like feature detection algorithm, which greatly reduces the number of false positives. A separate Lucas–Kanade optical flow routine is designed for the eyeblink movement detection and the startle eyeblink reflex (SEBR) curve extraction. Image masking is implemented for the elimination of unwanted artifacts caused mainly by voluntary eye movement. The proposed system was tested along with a valid EMG system on a sample of 32 healthy randomly selected adults, and the results were compared in order to measure the system’s degree of reliability. Main results: To assess the proposed method’s validity the EMG data was used as a benchmark. The results showed strong correlation between EMG and Camera acquired results, which proves the validity of the proposed method. Furthermore, by comparing the response probability and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) for the two techniques, we proved that the proposed method can surpass the traditional EMG system in terms of accuracy and reliability. Significance: The proposed technique presents a simple, robust and reliable non-intrusive means of measuring ASR in humans, with the potential of future implementation on various ASR psychophysiology experiments, such as the study of PPI.

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Sport‐Related Traumatic Brain Injury

Ahluwalia

Mummareddy

Bonfield

et al. 2020

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Sport‐related traumatic brain injury (SRTBI) is a disease process with a high incidence, complex pathophysiology and heterogeneous outcomes. SRTBI is generally dichotomised into sport‐related concussion (SRC) and sport‐related structural brain injury (SRSBI). A variety of sporting events can lead to these injuries. The diagnosis of SRC relies on sound clinical judgment, although multiple adjuncts have been investigated. Prompt diagnosis is essential for the management of all SRTBI, and it is critical to differentiate SRC from a potential SRSBI. Depending on the specific SRTBI, a variety of treatment options are available ranging from conservative rehabilitation to, rarely, prompt neurosurgical intervention. Finally, clinical outcomes are inherently linked to the nature of the injury and vary from full recovery to patient death. Given the high incidence, importance of prompt diagnosis and heterogeneous outcomes, SRTBI is an essential topic not only for clinicians and researchers but also for athletes, parents, coaching staff and officials. Key Concepts Sport‐related concussion (SRC) has a high incidence and is largely differentiated from other SRTBI by negative neuroimaging. Sport‐related structural brain injury has positive neuroimaging and is typically diagnosed with a noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the head. Second‐impact syndrome is exceedingly rare, but the associated high risk of morbidity remains a relevant driving force for SRC management. Diagnosis of SRC remains clinical with sideline tools as adjuncts including but not limited to SCAT5, King‐Devick, and Sway. Clinical judgment and evaluation supersede all concussion assessment tools. Recovery from SRC usually occurs within 14–28 days, and no focal neurologic deficit is expected. Post‐concussive syndrome is commonly defined as the presence of concussive symptomatology for greater than 4 weeks. The outcome of SRSBI is highly variable and dependent on the nature of the intracranial injury.

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Development of a Non-Invasive Blink Reflexometer

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Validating a Portable Device for Blinking Analyses through Laboratory Neurophysiological Techniques

Validating a Portable Device for Blinking Analyses through Laboratory Neurophysiological Techniques

A novel optical non-intrusive method for measuring acoustic startle reflex in humans

Sport‐Related Traumatic Brain Injury

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