Development of a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) for the preconcentration of antibiotics in environmental water samples

The Use of a Polymer Inclusion Membrane for Arsenate Determination in Groundwater

“…PIMs have also been used as passive samplers deploying the membrane device for a 7-day period without reporting any drawback due to membrane fouling [3][4][5]. With the proper selection of the carrier, these membranes can effectively transport different species, such as inorganic pollutants [5], organic compounds [6] and metallic species [7].…”

Electrochemical Characterization of a Polymer Inclusion Membrane Made of Cellulose Triacetate and Aliquat 336 and Its Application to Sulfonamides Separation

“…The fundamentals of sulfonamides (S) extraction at basic pH by Aliquat 336 incorporated in a PIM can be described by the generic stoichiometric equation (Equation (6)) [15] [ The low permeability and barrier effect to NaCl transport exhibited by the PIM determined by different kinds of measurements is of interest for its application in natural water systems (which usually have also NaCl in solution and/or other salt) since it supports the elimination of their contribution with respect to carried-mediated transport.…”

“…Antibiotics stock solutions (250 mg L −1 ) were prepared in methanol. Experiments were carried out in a permeation cell similar to the one described in [15] in which the mechanically stirred (800 rpm) feed and stripping solutions (150 mL each) were separated by the PIM with an exposed membrane surface area of 11.5 cm 2 . All experiments were conducted at an ambient temperature of 22 ± 1 • C.…”

“…Sodium chloride (Carlo Erba, Cornaredo, Italy) was used to prepare the 1 M NaCl stripping solution. Samples were taken from the feed and stripping solutions at regular time intervals during the 24 h period of the experiments and were analyzed by an HPLC system (1200 Series Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with a diode array detector (1290 Infinity DAD Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) following the procedure described in [15].…”

“…However, the use of ILs as carriers favors the flexibility and mechanical strength of PIMs avoiding the need of the addition of other components, and their high viscosity helps to retain them in the polymer gel-like network. Different commercial ILs such as Cyphos 101 (trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride), Cyphos 102 (trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bromide), Cyphos 104 (trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis-2,4,4-(trimethylpentyl) phosphinate), or Aliquat 336 (trioctylmethyl ammonium chloride) have been reported as carriers in PIMs used in the separation of metal species such as Cd, Cu, or In, organic compounds such as antibiotics or water pollutants [13][14][15][16][17].…”