Development of a quantitative chemical risk assessment (QCRA) procedure for contaminants of emerging concern in drinking water supply

Cantoni, Beatrice; Penserini, Luca; Vries, Diemer de; Dingemans, Milou M.L.; Bokkers, Bas; Turolla, Andrea; Smeets, P.W.M.H.; Antonelli, Manuela

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.116911

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The term micropollutant is used because these compounds are typically found at trace concentrations, from ng/L to µg/L, in aquatic environments or other environmental matrices [2,4,5]. This group of contaminants includes pharmaceuticals of different classes (e.g., analgesics, antibiotics, lipid lowering agents, anti-inflammatories, and contraceptives), cleaning and personal care products (e.g., surfactants such as alkylphenol ethoxylates, fragrances such as tonalid, and antiseptics such as triclosan), as well as natural and/or synthetic hormones excreted by humans and other animals (e.g., estrone, estradiol, estriol, and ethinylestradiol) [4,[6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, there is no consensus or sufficient evidence about the safety levels needed to prevent adverse effects of these compounds on the environment or human health. Thus, most of them are generally not included in environmental regulations or drinking water standards and, therefore, they are also called contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) [1,6,7,9,10]. A CEC must remain emerging as long as there is a lack of scientific information about its potential risk [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Brazilian Water and the Risks They May Represent to Human Health

Aquino

Brandt

Bottrel

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The risks of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds (P&EDC) to the environment and human health are a current topic of interest. Hundreds of P&EDC may reach the environment, hence, there is a need to rank the level of concern of human exposure to these compounds. Thus, this work aimed at setting a priority list of P&EDC in Brazil, by studying their occurrence in raw and drinking water, calculating health guideline values (GV), and estimating the risks of population exposure to water intake. Data on the Brazilian pharmaceutical market as well as published data of the monitoring of Brazilian natural and drinking water have been collected by means of an exhaustive literature review. Furthermore, many foreign data were also collected to enable a comparison of the values found in Brazilian studies. A list of 55 P&EDC that have the potential to be found in Brazilian water is proposed, and for 41 of these a risk assessment was performed by estimating their margin of exposure (ME), by considering their occurrence in drinking water, and guideline values estimated from reported acceptable daily intake (ADI) data. For seven compounds the risk was deemed high (three estrogens and four anti-inflammatories), whereas for another seven compounds, it was regarded as an ‘alert’ situation. Although such risk analysis is conservative, since it has been calculated based on the highest reported P&EDC concentration in drinking water, it highlights the need to enhance their monitoring in Brazil to strengthen the database and support decision makers. An analysis of the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance agents (antibiotics, resistant bacteria, and resistance genes) in surface waters was also carried out and confirmed that such agents are present in water sources throughout Brazil, which deserves the attention of policy makers and health agents to prevent dissemination of antimicrobial resistance through water use.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Brazilian Water and the Risks They May Represent to Human Health

Aquino

Brandt

Bottrel

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Therefore, when local health risks from exposure to chemical and microbial hazards are of concern, impact indicators ( e.g. , benchmark quotient of risk level 135 ) should be selected and evaluated with corresponding techniques ( e.g. , QRA).…”

Section: Characterize System Sustainabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative sustainable design (QSD) for the prioritization of research, development, and deployment of technologies: a tutorial and review

Trimmer²,

Hand

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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“…Deionized water was used to allow the quantification, also in trace levels, of released elements/compounds that could have been masked by the use of tap water. Indeed, tap water usually contains minerals at various levels (from µg L −1 to mg L −1 ) and trace residues of organic compounds [27][28][29][30][31][32]. Additionally, the experiment should not be reproducible because the content of studied elements widely vary in different drinking waters according to their geographical and geological origin.…”

Section: Selection Of Reusable Water Bottles and Experimental Planningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reusable Water Bottles: Release of Inorganic Elements, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A in a “Real Use” Simulation Experiment

et al. 2021

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Reusable water bottles are growing in popularity; thus, possible chemical release from the internal surface into water should be carefully considered to control related health risks. We experimentally evaluated the release into deionized water of 40 elements, six phthalates, and bisphenol-A for 20 different reusable bottles by simulating the use in real world scenario. The 20 bottles, identified as those most purchased in Italy, were made of various materials (stainless steel, aluminum, plastic, and silicone). The experiment was carried out for four consecutive weeks in duplicate for each type of bottle. Our results showed the release, to various extents, of inorganic elements from all 20 bottles, while the release of phthalates and bisphenol-A was never found. The elements most frequently released were Al, Sr, Mo, and Cr, while the highest concentrations were for Ca, K, Mg, and Na; the release of toxic elements (such as Pb, Cd, Ni, Sb) also occurred. The comparison of our results with regulatory limits on drinking water quality revealed no exceeding values except for Al. However, these releases represent a further intake, and the related risks cannot be neglected, especially for highly susceptible populations. Thus, it is essential to correctly inform consumers both with dedicated interventions and exhaustive labelling.

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Development of a quantitative chemical risk assessment (QCRA) procedure for contaminants of emerging concern in drinking water supply

Cited by 21 publications

References 23 publications

Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Brazilian Water and the Risks They May Represent to Human Health

Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Brazilian Water and the Risks They May Represent to Human Health

Quantitative sustainable design (QSD) for the prioritization of research, development, and deployment of technologies: a tutorial and review

Reusable Water Bottles: Release of Inorganic Elements, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A in a “Real Use” Simulation Experiment

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