Development of a Questionnaire to Measure Immersion in Video Media

Rigby, Jacob M.; Brumby, Duncan P.; Gould, Sandy J. J.; Cox, Anna L.

doi:10.1145/3317697.3323361

Cited by 48 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Participants also recorded the viewing context (which room they watched in, whether they watched alone, which screen they used, etc.). We also collected qualitative data concerning the viewing experience, combining questions from the Immersive Experience Questionnaire for Film and TV (Film IEQ) (Rigby et al, 2016(Rigby et al, , 2019 and additional questions that allowed us to explore, for instance, participants' affective states. Steiner and Xu (2018) suggested the attentiveness spectrum to analyze the binge-watching experience instead of the dichotomous active-passive viewing on which the U&G approach is based.…”

Section: Tools and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The binge-watcher’s journey: Investigating motivations, contexts, and affective states surrounding Netflix viewing

Castro

Rigby

Cabral

et al. 2019

Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Med

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The growth of Internet-distributed TV services has transformed video consumption, enhancing the level of control that viewers have over what they watch. Along with the release of entire seasons of programming at once, this has led to the phenomenon of ‘binge-watching’, in which several episodes of a program are viewed in one sitting. This article presents the results of a novel exploratory study focused on 40 Netflix viewing sessions from 11 millennials in their homes. Methodologically, we employed a novel mixed-methods approach that combines objective data (collected through a browser extension) and subjective data (collected via questionnaires completed before and after viewing). This novel approach allowed us to describe the binge-watcher’s experience in a holistic fashion. Results suggest that binge-watching is an individual activity mainly performed at the end of the day to relax, for boredom relief purposes, or for escapism. Furthermore, a binge-watching session lasts for an average of 2 h and 10 min, and variations on binge-watchers’ affective states were identified after Netflix exposure. Participants’ levels of valence (unhappy–happy) significantly decreased after binge-watching; their positive affect values increased primarily after watching sci-fi, while their negative affect values decreased after watching comedy and slightly increased after watching drama. However, the levels of arousal (relaxed–stimulated) remained the same. This study extends our current understanding of binge-watching in terms of viewer motivations, how it affects their viewing experiences, and participants’ subjective affective states. The investigation contributes, thus, to a relatively new domain of research concerned with the understanding of binge-watching behavior of serialized TV fiction.

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Section: Tools and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The observation of viewers' levels of attention (see Barreda, 2013) and immersion (see Rigby et al, 2019) that this article offers is only exploratory. For an accurate analysis of those components, validated questionnaires could be used in combination with physiological data (e.g.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The binge-watcher’s journey: Investigating motivations, contexts, and affective states surrounding Netflix viewing

Castro

Rigby

Cabral

et al. 2019

Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These questionnaires are all widely used and, as would be hoped, show significant agreement (Denisova et al, 2016). Immersion is an aspect of engagement and has been defined as the sense of being highly engrossed in a mediated experience across multiple dimensions (Rigby et al, 2019). Brown and Cairns (2004) interviewed game players and found a common experience known as immersion, described by players as "When you stop thinking about the fact that you're playing a computer game and you're just in a computer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Nothing else matters: Video games create sustained attentional selection away from task-irrelevant features

Cutting

Cairns

Kuhn

2020

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Feature-based attention allocates resources to particular stimulus features and reduces processing and retention of unattended features. We performed four experiments using self-paced video games to investigate whether sustained attentional selection of features could be created without a distractor task requiring continuous processing. Experiments 1 and 2 compared two versions of the game Two Dots, each containing a sequence of images. For the more immersive game post-game recognition of images was very low, but for the less immersive game it was significantly higher. Experiments 3 and 4 found that post-game image recognition was very low if the images were irrelevant to the game task but significantly higher if the images were relevant to the task. We conclude that games create sustained attentional selection away from task-irrelevant features, even if they are in full view, which leads to reduced retention. This reduced retention is due to differences in attentional set rather than a response to limited processing resources. The consistency of this attentional selection is moderated by the level of immersion in the game. We also discuss possible attentional mechanisms for the changes in recognition rates and the implications for applications such as serious games.

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“…(Heutte et al, 2014) Flow 12 11 Reading Flow Short Scale (RFSS) (Thissen et al, 2018) Flow 8 12 EGameFlow (EGF) (Fu et al, 2009) Game/Flow 42 13 Immersion in the Narrative Game Questionnaire (INGQ) (Qin et al, 2009) Game 27 14 Game Engagement Questionnaire (GEQ) (Brockmyer et al, 2009) Game 15 User Engagement Scale (UES) (O'Brien & Toms, 2013;Wiebe et al, 2014) Game 31 16 Game Experience Questionnaire (GExQ) (IJsselsteijn et al, 2013) Game 40 17 Game Immersion Questionnaire (GIQ) (Cheng et al, 2015) Game 14 18 Transportation Scale (Green & Brock, 2000) Narrative 11 19 Identification Scale (J. Cohen, 2001) Narrative 10 20 Narrative Engagement Scale (NES) (Busselle & Bilandzic, 2009) Narrative 12 21 State Empathy Scale (SES) (Shen, 2010) Narrative 12 22 Story World Absorption Scale (SWAS) (Kuijpers et al, 2014) Narrative 18 23 Film Immersion Questionnaire (FIQ) (Jennett et al, 2008;Rigby et al, 2019) Narrative 24…”

Section: Selection Of Sources Of Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Presence, flow, and narrative absorption questionnaires: a scoping review

Pianzola¹

2021

Open Res Europe

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Background: This is a review and analysis of the questionnaires most used in empirical research on psychological phenomena labelled as “presence,” “flow,” and “narrative absorption,” mostly for experiences mediated by technology (printed books, screens for games and films, and virtual reality). Overlapping concepts have been formulated in different fields according to specific disciplinary interests and based on knowledge within each field. Objectives: This review focuses on how language is actually used in questionnaire items, rather than on how concepts are formulated top-down and arbitrarily associated with corresponding linguistic expressions that become items of a questionnaire. The goal is to highlight similarities and overlaps in order to show the core aspects of the psychological states elicited by mediated experiences. Eligibility criteria: Questionnaires developed or used for research about VR, video games, films, or books have been selected for analysis. They should be available in English and used in empirical research since the year 2000. Sources of evidence: A search has been performed through Google Scholar and two other disciplinary bibliographies edited by international learned societies. Charting methods: The items of each questionnaire are categorized based on their wordings, and thus independently from the conceptual models within which they have been developed. Based on this categorization, various domains to which the items can be ascribed are identified (e.g. space, realism, agency, etc.) and psychological phenomena are linked to them (e.g. presence, social presence, narrative absorption, etc.). Results: 308 items in 23 questionnaires have been found to have overlapping of wordings. Conclusions: A list of the core aspects of presence, social presence, flow, and narrative absorption is presented, together with a critical selection of items suitable to measure each construct.

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Development of a Questionnaire to Measure Immersion in Video Media

Cited by 48 publications

References 43 publications

The binge-watcher’s journey: Investigating motivations, contexts, and affective states surrounding Netflix viewing

The binge-watcher’s journey: Investigating motivations, contexts, and affective states surrounding Netflix viewing

Nothing else matters: Video games create sustained attentional selection away from task-irrelevant features

Presence, flow, and narrative absorption questionnaires: a scoping review

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