the uncertainty of the amount of detected molecules. The spectral instability is mainly due to the orientation fluctuation of molecules and/or the possible chemical reactions between the molecules and the metal substrate. [12][13][14] In principle, this can be avoided by isolating the molecules from the metal surface, for example, by coating a dielectric nanoshell on the metal nanostructures. [6,14,15] The inhomogeneous electromagnetic enhancement can be largely calibrated by implementing an internal standard species that experiences the same enhancement as the analyte molecule, so that the ratio between the Raman intensities of the analyte and the internal standard can be used for quantification. [6,16,17] The uncertainty of the amount of detected molecules is the most notorious because there have been few solutions so far, and the rough estimation of the number of molecules based on the homogenous-adsorption assumption and the detection area/volume has been generally adopted, although the probability of molecules adsorption is different on different facets of the metal nanostructures.Herein, we report a graphene-based SERS (G-SERS) substrate for analyte quantification that solves the above problems to a great extent. Graphene has shown its unique characteristics in SERS applications. [18][19][20][21] For example, graphene quenches the fluorescence of fluorophores and provides stable and clean Raman signals due to the separation of molecules from a metal. [18,19] Graphene has also been used to cover the surface of plasmonic nanostructures and the composite substrate can provide remarkable Raman enhancement. [22,23] More importantly, the single-crystalline nature of graphene guarantees that the probe molecules are homogeneously adsorbed on the surface, rendering the possibility of reliable determination of the number of molecules. Meanwhile, graphene is naturally an internal standard for the normalization of the Raman signals of analytes, so that the different enhancement experienced by molecules at different locations can be calibrated. In our substrate, a roughened metal film under graphene ensures that the overall Raman enhancement is still dominated by the sizable electromagnetic enhancement. We demonstrated in situ quantitative detection of crystal violet (CV) and rhodamine B (RhB) molecules in aqueous solutions with concentrations from 10 −8 to 10 −5 m and the real-time monitoring of a release process of RhB molecules through a permeable membrane. Our graphene-based SERS substrate promises SERS quantification Quantitative surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with ultrahigh sensitivity will significantly promote its practical application in many fields, such as environment monitoring, food safety, and drug detection. However, the challenges that remain unresolved, particularly in the low concentration levels, arise from the instability of the SERS spectra and the uncertainty of the number of detected molecules. Herein, a graphene-based, flexible, and transparent substrate for SERS quantification is rep...