Development of a reactance scale for human–computer interaction

Ehrenbrink, Patrick; Möller, Sebastian

doi:10.1007/s41233-018-0016-y

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This can be especially important within the context of healthcare, where regular interactions with a technology are often imposed by a surrounding, such as a nursing home or through notifications of mobile healthcare applications. In such cases, required interaction duration or intensity can easily be perceived as too high and possibly even result in reactance and an overall negative UX (53)(54)(55). It could, therefore, be advisable to explore a possible sweet spot regarding a specific technology or context of interest as well as further investigate measures to support an overall positive UX.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connect With Me. Exploring Influencing Factors in a Human-Technology Relationship Based on Regular Chatbot Use

Christoforakos

Feicht

Hinkofer

et al. 2021

Front. Digit. Health

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Companion technologies, such as social robots and conversational chatbots, take increasing responsibility for daily tasks and support our physical and mental health. Especially in the domain of healthcare, where technologies are often applied for long-term use, our experience with and relationship to such technologies become ever more relevant. Based on a 2-week interaction period with a conversational chatbot, our study (N = 58) explores the relationship between humans and technology. In particular, our study focuses on felt social connectedness of participants to the technology, possibly related characteristics of technology and users (e.g., individual tendency to anthropomorphize, individual need to belong), as well as possibly affected outcome variables (e.g., desire to socialize with other humans). The participants filled in short daily and 3 weekly questionnaires. Results showed that interaction duration and intensity positively predicted social connectedness to the chatbot. Thereby, perceiving the chatbot as anthropomorphic mediated the interrelation of interaction intensity and social connectedness to the chatbot. Also, the perceived social presence of the chatbot mediated the relationship between interaction duration as well as interaction intensity and social connectedness to the chatbot. Characteristics of the user did not affect the interrelations of chatbot interaction duration or intensity and perceived anthropomorphism or social presence. Furthermore, we did not find a negative correlation between felt social connectedness of users to the technology and their desire to socialize with other humans. In sum, our findings provide both theoretical and practical contributions. Our study suggests that regular interaction with a technology can foster feelings of social connectedness, implying transferability of dynamics known from interpersonal interaction. Moreover, social connectedness could be supported by technology design that facilitates perceptions of anthropomorphism and social presence. While such means could help to establish an intense relationship between users and technology and long-term engagement, the contexts in which anthropomorphic design is, actually, the means of choice should be carefully reflected. Future research should examine individual and societal consequences to foster responsible technology development in healthcare and beyond.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connect With Me. Exploring Influencing Factors in a Human-Technology Relationship Based on Regular Chatbot Use

Christoforakos

Feicht

Hinkofer

et al. 2021

Front. Digit. Health

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“…Thus, reactance is the psychological state that mediates the effects of threat to freedom on various attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. A freedom threat can be any event that prevents or inhibits people from exercising their freedom that could also play a role in human-computer interactions (Ehrenbrink & Mo ¨ller, 2018). This should particularly be realized in online survey scenarios utilizing FA designs that can be conceived of as a prototypical induction of reactance because the respondent is denied the choice to leave a question unanswered.…”

Section: Forced Answering and Reactancementioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Forced Answering and Reactance on Answering Behavior in Online Surveys

Sischka

Décieux

Mergener

et al. 2020

Social Science Computer Review

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Forced answering (FA) is a frequent answer format in online surveys that forces respondents to answer each question in order to proceed through the questionnaire. The underlying rationale is to decrease the amount of missing data. Despite its popularity, empirical research on the impact of FA on respondents’ answering behavior is scarce and has generated mixed findings. In fact, some quasi-experimental studies showed that FA has detrimental consequences such as increased survey dropout rates and faking behavior. Notably, a theoretical psychological process driving these effects has hitherto not been identified. Therefore, the aim of the present study was twofold: First, we sought to experimentally replicate detrimental effects of FA on online questionnaire data quality. Second, we tried to uncover an explanatory psychological mechanism. Specifically, we hypothesized that FA effects are mediated through reactance. Zero-order effects showed that FA increased state reactance and questionnaire dropout as well as reduced answer length in open-ended questions. Results of survival and mediation analyses corroborate negative FA effects on data quality and the proposed psychological process.

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Toward an Affect Arousal Reactance Theory

Chadee,

Mary Chadee

2022

Theories in Social Psychology, Second Edition

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Development of a reactance scale for human–computer interaction

Cited by 12 publications

References 29 publications

Connect With Me. Exploring Influencing Factors in a Human-Technology Relationship Based on Regular Chatbot Use

Connect With Me. Exploring Influencing Factors in a Human-Technology Relationship Based on Regular Chatbot Use

The Impact of Forced Answering and Reactance on Answering Behavior in Online Surveys

Toward an Affect Arousal Reactance Theory

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