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This paper reviews the use of copper deactivators and iron corrosion inhibitors in lubricating oils. The auto‐oxidation process is described in terms of initiation and chain propagation, branching and termination, and the primary and secondary oxidation inhibitors are described. Copper deactivators and corrosion inhibitors nature and action are discussed, and the paper also examines the applications for these additives.
This paper reviews the use of copper deactivators and iron corrosion inhibitors in lubricating oils. The auto‐oxidation process is described in terms of initiation and chain propagation, branching and termination, and the primary and secondary oxidation inhibitors are described. Copper deactivators and corrosion inhibitors nature and action are discussed, and the paper also examines the applications for these additives.
The article contains sections titled: 1. Base Oils 1.1. Historical Review and Outlook 1.2. Chemical Characterization of Mineral Base Oils 1.3. Refining 1.3.1. Distillation 1.3.2. Deasphalting 1.3.3. Traditional Refining Processes 1.3.3.1. Acid Refining 1.3.3.2. Solvent Extraction 1.3.4. Solvent Dewaxing 1.3.5. Finishing 1.4. Base Oil Manufacturing by Hydrogenation and Hydrocracking 1.4.1. Manufacturing Naphthenic Base Oils by Hydrogenation 1.4.2. Production of White Oils 1.4.3. Lube Hydrocracking 1.4.4. Catalytic Dewaxing 1.4.5. Wax Isomerization 1.4.6. Hybrid Lube Oil Processing 1.4.7. All‐Hydrogen Route 1.4.8. Gas‐to‐Liquids Conversion Technology 1.5. Boiling and Evaporation Behavior of Base Oils 2. Synthetic Base Oils 2.1. Synthetic Hydrocarbons 2.1.1. Polyalphaolefins 2.1.2. Polyinternalolefins 2.1.3. Polybutenes 2.1.4. Alkylated Aromatics 2.1.5. Other Hydrocarbons 2.2. Halogenated Hydrocarbons 2.3. Synthetic Esters 2.3.1. Esters of Carboxylic Acids 2.3.1.1. Dicarboxylic Acid Esters 2.3.1.2. Polyol Esters 2.3.1.3. Other Carboxylic Esters 2.3.1.4. Complex Esters 2.3.1.5. Fluorinated Carboxylic Acid Esters 2.3.2. Phosphate Esters 2.4. Polyalkylene Glycols 2.5. Other Polyethers 2.5.1. Perfluorinated Polyethers 2.5.2. Polyphenyl Ethers 2.5.3. Polysiloxanes (Silicone Oils) 2.6. Other Synthetic Base Oils 2.7. Mixtures of Synthetic Lubricants 3. Additives 3.1. Antioxidants 3.1.1. Mechanism of Oxidation and Antioxidants 3.1.2. Compounds 3.2. Viscosity Modifiers 3.2.1. VI Improvement Mechanisms 3.2.2. Structure and Chemistry of Viscosity Modifiers 3.3. Pour Point Depressants 3.4. Detergents and Dispersants 3.4.1. Metal‐Containing Compounds (Detergents) 3.4.2. Ashless Dispersants (AD) 3.5. Antifoam Agents 3.6. Demulsifiers 3.7. Dyes 3.8. Antiwear and Extreme Pressure Additives 3.9. Friction Modifiers 3.10. Corrosion Inhibitors 3.10.1. Antirust Additives 3.10.2. Metal Passivators
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