Development of a sensor and measurement platform for water quality observations: design, sensor integration, 3D printing, and open-source hardware

Kinar, Nicholas; Brinkmann, M

doi:10.1007/s10661-022-09825-9

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The recent emergence of low-cost microcontrollers and other electronic components has led to an increase in the development of "Do It Yourself (DIY)" environmental monitoring solutions for varied applications (Mao et al, 2019). A wide range of sensors and associated data loggers have been proposed for monitoring water quantity and quality (Chan et al, 2021), from non-contact water level sensors using ultrasonic (Pereira et al, 2022) or Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar) technology (Paul et al, 2020) to water quality sondes (Kinar and Brinkmann, 2022). However, most developments have been linked to physical or electrochemical sensors, with optical sensors for monitoring water quality largely neglected, except for turbidity (Kelley et al, 2014;Droujko et al, 2023).…”

Section: Low-cost Sensors-testing and Field Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some promising areas for future research involve integrating fluorescence, absorbance, and remote sensing (e.g., reflectance) to increase spatial coverage, particularly in large river networks (Cao et al, 2022;Castagna et al, 2022;Fang et al, 2022). Future sensor networks (i.e., node locations) should, whenever possible, align with statutory monitoring locations where manual sampling occurs routinely (Kinar and Brinkmann, 2022;Gaviria Salazar et al, 2023). This will ensure coupled datasets of laboratory and in-situ measurements, which are of comparable quality and can lead to the development of more rigorous calibration algorithms and proxy models (Ighalo et al, 2021;Paradina-Fernández et al, 2023).…”

Section: Detecting Emerging Contaminants Using Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

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In-situ optical water quality monitoring sensors—applications, challenges, and future opportunities

Kumar,

Khamis,

Stevens

et al. 2024

Front. Water

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Water quality issues remain a major cause of global water insecurity, and real-time low-cost monitoring solutions are central to the remediation and management of water pollution. Optical sensors, based on fluorescence, absorbance, scattering and reflectance-based principles, provide effective water quality monitoring (WQM) solutions. However, substantial challenges remain to their wider adoption across scales and environments amid cost and calibration-related concerns. This review discusses the current and future challenges in optical water quality monitoring based on multi-peak fluorescence, full-spectrum absorbance, light-scattering and remotely sensed surface reflectance. We highlight that fluorescence-based sensors can detect relatively low concentrations of aromatic compounds (e.g., proteins and humic acids) and quantify and trace organic pollution (e.g., sewage or industrial effluents). Conversely, absorbance-based sensors (Ultraviolet-Visible-Infra-red, UV-VIS-IR) are suitable for monitoring a wider range of physiochemical variables (e.g., nitrate, dissolved organic carbon and turbidity). Despite being accurate under optimal conditions, measuring fluorescence and absorbance can be demanding in dynamic environments due to ambient temperature and turbidity effects. Scattering-based turbidity sensors provide a detailed understanding of sediment transport and, in conjunction, improve the accuracy of fluorescence and absorbance measurements. Recent advances in micro-sensing components such as mini-spectrometers and light emitting diodes (LEDs), and deep computing provide exciting prospects of in-situ full-spectrum analysis of fluorescence (excitation-emission matrices) and absorbance for improved understanding of interferants to reduce the signal-to-noise ratio, improve detection accuracies of existing pollutants, and enable detection of newer contaminants. We examine the applications combining in-situ spectroscopy and remotely sensed reflectance for scaling Optical WQM in large rivers, lakes and marine bodies to scale from point observations to large water bodies and monitor algal blooms, sediment load, water temperature and oil spills. Lastly, we provide an overview of future applications of optical techniques in detecting emerging contaminants in treated and natural waters. We advocate for greater synergy between industry, academia and public policy for effective pollution control and water management.

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Section: Low-cost Sensors-testing and Field Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Detecting Emerging Contaminants Using Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

In-situ optical water quality monitoring sensors—applications, challenges, and future opportunities

Kumar,

Khamis,

Stevens

et al. 2024

Front. Water

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“…Water is a determining element for the sustainability of human activities and the maintenance of the ecosystem [22], and is among the scarcest natural resources [9,24]. Its importance for humanity and for the maintenance of animal and plant life is undeniable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi low-cost sensors analysis for remote and real-time water quality monitoring system

Slongo,

Lindino,

Martins

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Low-cost sensors integrated with the Internet of Things can enable real-time envi-ronmental monitoring networks and provide valuable water quality informationto the public. However, the accuracy and precision of the values measured bythe sensors are critical for widespread adoption. In this study, 19 different low-cost sensors, commonly found in the literature, from four different manufacturersare tested for measuring five water quality parameters: pH, dissolved oxygen,oxidation-reduction potential, turbidity, and temperature. The low-cost sensorsare evaluated for each parameter by calculating the error and precision com-pared to a typical multiparameter probe assumed as a reference. The comparisonwas performed in a controlled environment with simultaneous measurements ofreal water samples. The relative error ranged from -0.33 to 33.77% and most of them were ≤ 5%. The pH and temperature were the ones with the most accurate results. In conclusion, low-cost sensors are a complementary alternative toquickly detect changes in water quality parameters. Further studies are necessaryto establish a guideline for the operation and maintenance of low-cost sensors.

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“…These observatories can be surface buoy [11], Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) [12,13], Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) [14,15], or observatories in onboard ocean vessels [16]. There are examples of platforms for measuring and monitoring water quality parameters using open-source hardware and software [10,17,18]. The way forward to address the challenge of cleaning and rejuvenating the health of river and lake ecosystems is to design an in situ river/water monitoring observatory that can provide real-time data [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and development of a continuous water quality monitoring buoy for health monitoring of river Ganga

Shukla,

Matharu,

Bhattacharya

2023

Eng. Res. Express

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Real-time monitoring of water quality in the river Ganga and other Indian rivers is crucial to determining its suitability for drinking and other usages across the seasons and round the clock. For this, a structurally strong and hydrostatically stable floating observation centre is required for housing all the sensors and related equipment. This paper explains the design process for such a buoy platform that can house an array of water quality sensors powered by hybrid energy harvesting systems. Sensors are connected to a wireless sensor network (WSN) system that transfers data to a web-based platform, where we can monitor and analyse our data for the purpose of hazard prediction. Computational analysis has been carried out for the observatory body to ascertain its structural integrity and hydrostatic stability at small and large angles of inclination. The buoy design is based on various requirements specific to Indian rivers at different locations from the mid-course till the confluence. It is important that the system be modular and portable for use in a constantly changing river/water environment. A full-scale functional prototype has been developed and field testing has been carried out to bring out the efficacy of the proposed system. Also, the WSN system collected real-time water quality data have been validated with laboratory-based experiments. The establishment of a network of low-cost river/water health monitoring system will further initiate the large-scale data collection and help creating digital twins of the Indian rivers.

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Development of a sensor and measurement platform for water quality observations: design, sensor integration, 3D printing, and open-source hardware

Cited by 16 publications

References 67 publications

In-situ optical water quality monitoring sensors—applications, challenges, and future opportunities

In-situ optical water quality monitoring sensors—applications, challenges, and future opportunities

A multi low-cost sensors analysis for remote and real-time water quality monitoring system

Design and development of a continuous water quality monitoring buoy for health monitoring of river Ganga

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