Development of a sustainable liquid fuels infrastructure based on biomass

Synthesis of Transportation Fuels from Biomass: Chemistry, Catalysts, and Engineering

“…Table 1 shows the growth rate or productivity, the lower heating value, the total production energy, and the chemical composition of different types of biomass. 26 Plant growth rates vary, with a typical range from 6 to 90 metric tons/ha-year or 19 to 280 boe/ha-year. 2 Plants typically capture 0.1 to 1.0% of solar energy, with the percentage of solar energy captured proportional to the plant growth rate.…”

“…The top and bottom of the cellulose chains are essentially completely hydrophobic. The sides of the cellulose chains are hydrophilic and capable of hydrogen bonding, because all the aliphatic hydrogen atoms (GJ/ha-year) 120 228-420 136-340 1230-1460 760 720 210 energy content (boe/ha-year) 20 40-70 23-58 210-250 128 123 37 representative components (dry wt %) celluloses 3 36 40-45 22 35 48 46-50 hemicelluloses 6 23 31-35 15 17 14 19-22 extractives (starches, terpenes) 72 6 0 43 23 2 3 lignins 2 17 6-12 11 17 29 21-29 uronic acid 0 0.00 1 4 3 proteins 10 5-11 ash 10 5-6 9 5 1 0.3 a Adapted from Towler et al, 26 Lynd et al, 13 and Klass. (Lignocellulose structure adapted from Hsu et al 29 ) are in axial positions, and the polar hydroxyl groups are in equatorial positions.…”

“…a Results in 1990 U.S. dollars and assuming a feedstock cost of $30/wet metric ton (wood chips with 50% moisture content) biomass based on a 1000 dry metric ton/day of biomass feed according Elliott et al 208 Current FOB spot price cost of diesel fuel based on higher heating value is $11/GJ with oil at $57/bbl. 14 Life cycle thermal efficiencies are estimated with data from Towler 26 for eucalyptus trees which is also reported in Table 1 and assumes that 5.57 MJfossil fuel/kgwood and a LHV of 18.1 MJ/kgwood.…”

Natural materials with high surface area. Physisorption methods for the characterization of the texture and surface of polysaccharide aerogels

“…The replacement of any fraction of the resin market would represent a significant boost for the polysaccharide industry, which expectedly has a significant potential for expansion. If the expansion of non-food uses of most renewable sources of biomass is severely limited by competition with the use of agricultural land for food production, this is not the case for the derivatives of seaweeds, which are acknowledged as the source of biomass in lowest competition with food markets [10]. Moreover, the production of hydrocolloids is not energy-intensive.…”

An Integrated Biomass Production and Conversion Process for Sustainable Bioenergy

“…Current bioenergy production process (Figure 1 up) includes the biomass production, transportation, pretreatment, conversion and waste treatment [14]. More than ten biomass conversion methods have been extensively studied [15], and the digestion process is one of the mature processes [16].…”