Development of acaricide resistance in tick populations of cattle: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

The development of acaricide resistance in ticks infesting cattle is a major problem in the livestock industry in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. To determine the current global trends and prevalence of acaricide resistance development (ARD) in tick populations of cattle, a systematic review and meta-analysis with an emphasis on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was conducted. Data searches from five English electronic databases yielded 88 journal articles published between 1992 and 2020. In total, 218 in-vitro bioassays were used to investigate 3939 tick populations of cattle; of these, the 57.6% that exhibited ARD were largely limited to South America (Brazil), Central America (Mexico), and Asia (India). A total of 3391 of these tick populations were R. (B.) microplus, of which 2013 exhibited ARD. Random effects meta-analyses indicated that the exhibition of ARD was higher in R. (B.) microplus (66.2%) than in other tick species. Global prevalence estimates of ARD in R. (B.) microplus vary as a function of geography, detection methods, and acaricide compounds. In general, high heterogeneity was noted among the studies. However, homogeneity was observed among studies from India, suggesting the establishment of acaricide resistance in Indian R. (B.) microplus populations. Current tick control interventions are urgently required to limit the evolution and implications of resistance development.

Acaricide resistance in livestock ticks infesting cattle in Africa: Current status and potential mitigation strategies

“…Resistance has rapidly evolved decreasing the effectiveness of all major classes of chemical acaricide tested for control of tick species infesting cattle (reviewed by Abbas et al., 2014 ; Dzemo et al., 2022 ). Given the remit of this review, we summarise only resistance to the acaricides that are currently widely used to control tick infestation of cattle in Africa.…”

Genetic Resistance of Bovines to Theileriosis

“…The main mechanisms that prevent the action of chemicals in ticks and that are responsible for this resistance are increased metabolic detoxification and point mutations at target sites. This resistance has a strong negative impact on tick and tick-borne disease control in cattle [ 54 ]. Cumulatively, the continued use of acaricides becomes economically unsustainable [ 51 , 55 ].…”

Observing How Glutathione and S-Hexyl Glutathione Bind to Glutathione S-Transferase from Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

“…microplus control; however, rapid resistance to such chemicals in R. ( B. ) microplus has been reported [ 9 ]. R. ( B. )…”

“…microplus was reported to be resistant to many common pesticides such as organophosphate, pyrethroid, fipronil, amitraz, and macrocyclic lactone [ 9 ]. Enhancing the metabolic activity of detoxification enzymes such as cytochrome P450, esterase, and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) is one of mechanisms underlying chemical resistance in R. microplus [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. R. microplus glutathione S-transferase (RmGST) receives more attention due to its involvement in tick resistance [ 14 ].…”