Development of aleurone and sub-aleurone layers in maize

Kyle, Donald J.; Styles, E. D.

doi:10.1007/bf00388149

Cited by 48 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Soon after cellularization is complete, ESR, SE, aleurone, and BETL cell types become distinguishable by structure and location; in later differentiation, these cell types are further distinguished and the subaleurone, BIZ and CZ are evident. The following descriptions, based on our observations in B73, largely reiterate previous reports with other maize lines for: ESR ( Kiesselbach and Walker, 1952 ;Schel et al, 1984 ;OpsahlFerstad et al, 1997 ), aleurone and subaleurone ( Weatherwax, 1930 ;Kyle andStyles, 1977 ), andSE ( Weatherwax, 1930 ;Lampe, 1931 ;Monjardino et al, 2007 ). Cells constituting the ESR are small, isodiametric, cytoplasm-dense cells adjacent to the embryo that differentiate early, and later appear to be crushed by the growing embryo and are distinct only near the divisions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Maize early endosperm growth and development: From fertilization through cell type differentiation

Leroux

Goodyke

Schumacher

et al. 2014

American J of Botany

100

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• Premise of the study: Given the worldwide economic importance of maize endosperm, it is surprising that its development is not the most comprehensively studied of the cereals. We present detailed morphometric and cytological descriptions of endosperm development in the maize inbred line B73, for which the genome has been sequenced, and compare its growth with four diverse Nested Association Mapping (NAM) founder lines.• Methods: The fi rst 12 d of B73 endosperm development were described using semithin sections of plastic-embedded kernels and confocal microscopy. Longitudinal sections were used to compare endosperm length, thickness, and area.• Key results: Morphometric comparison between Arizona-and Michigan-grown B73 showed a common pattern. Early endosperm development was divided into four stages: coenocytic, cellularization through alveolation, cellularization through partitioning, and differentiation. We observed tightly synchronous nuclear divisions in the coenocyte, elucidated that the onset of cellularization was coincident with endosperm size, and identifi ed a previously undefi ned cell type (basal intermediate zone, BIZ). NAM founders with small mature kernels had larger endosperms (0-6 d after pollination) than lines with large mature kernels.• Conclusions: Our B73-specifi c model of early endosperm growth links developmental events to relative endosperm size, while accounting for diverse growing conditions. Maize endosperm cellularizes through alveolation, then random partitioning of the central vacuole. This unique cellularization feature of maize contrasts with the smaller endosperms of Arabidopsis , barley, and rice that strictly cellularize through repeated alveolation. NAM analysis revealed differences in endosperm size during early development, which potentially relates to differences in timing of cellularization across diverse lines of maize.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Maize early endosperm growth and development: From fertilization through cell type differentiation

Leroux

Goodyke

Schumacher

et al. 2014

American J of Botany

100

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“…The initial precipitation of material in these vacuoles has taken place in the form of irregular deposits of moderate electron density and very dense globules. The inset of Figure 1 contains an advanced stage of aleurone grain formation from a 28 day old seed showing the dense deposit with a transparent central core and peripheral matrix inside the vacuole, very similar to the developing maize aleurone grain (24).…”

Section: Endospermmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Employing a variety of fixation and staining techniques, the mature barley aleurone grain has been shown to comprise a protein-filled body surrounded by a unit membrane, containing two inclusions, globoids and crystalloids (16,21,24). Globoids are composed of phytin, the Ca++/ Mg § salt of myoinositol hexaphosphate.…”

Section: Endospermmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein body formation in the developing barley endosperm

Cameron-Mills

Wettstein

1980

Carlsberg Res. Commun.

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“…The presence of large inclusions within aleurone PSVs in maize has been described previously (Kyle and Styles, 1977), but their composition was unknown. We show here that these inclusions are rich in zeins, a-globulin, and legumin-1, which in the starchy endosperm accumulate in ER protein bodies.…”

Section: Aleurone Psvs Contain Inclusions Of Zeins A-globulin and Lmentioning

confidence: 89%

Delivery of Prolamins to the Protein Storage Vacuole in Maize Aleurone Cells

et al. 2011

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Zeins, the prolamin storage proteins found in maize (Zea mays), accumulate in accretions called protein bodies inside the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of starchy endosperm cells. We found that genes encoding zeins, a-globulin, and legumin-1 are transcribed not only in the starchy endosperm but also in aleurone cells. Unlike the starchy endosperm, aleurone cells accumulate these storage proteins inside protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) instead of the ER. Aleurone PSVs contain zeinrich protein inclusions, a matrix, and a large system of intravacuolar membranes. After being assembled in the ER, zeins are delivered to the aleurone PSVs in atypical prevacuolar compartments that seem to arise at least partially by autophagy and consist of multilayered membranes and engulfed cytoplasmic material. The zein-containing prevacuolar compartments are neither surrounded by a double membrane nor decorated by AUTOPHAGY RELATED8 protein, suggesting that they are not typical autophagosomes. The PSV matrix contains glycoproteins that are trafficked through a Golgi-multivesicular body (MVB) pathway. MVBs likely fuse with the multilayered, autophagic compartments before merging with the PSV. The presence of similar PSVs also containing prolamins and large systems of intravacuolar membranes in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) starchy endosperm suggests that this trafficking mechanism may be common among cereals.The cereal endosperm consists of three main cell types: an inner mass of starchy endosperm cells, one to three layers of epidermal aleurone cells, and the transfer cells that contact the maternal vascular tissue (Olsen, 2004). The starchy endosperm accounts for 80 to 90% of the grain weight and contains large amounts of storage proteins and starch. These cells undergo programmed cell death during maturation. Aleurone cells are rich in protein storage vacuoles (PSVs), minerals, and lipid bodies and remain alive during seed development. It is assumed that the breakdown of proteins localized to PSVs in aleurone cells provides an essential source of the amino acids necessary for the synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes required for mobilizing food stored in the starchy endosperm (Filner and Varner, 1967;Jacobsen et al., 1988;Bethke et al., 1998).Besides its biological relevance as a model to study plant development, cell differentiation, and programmed cell death, the cereal endosperm is very important in terms of its nutritional value. Cereal grains contain less protein than do legume seeds, but because cereals are produced and consumed in much larger quantities, they are the main source of protein for the nutrition of humans and livestock (Shewry and Halford, 2002). The major storage proteins in maize (Zea mays) kernels are the alcoholsoluble prolamins, a type of storage proteins present only in grasses. Maize prolamins, referred to as zeins, are divided into different types: a-, b-, g-, and d-zeins (Coleman and Larkins, 1999) that differ in amino acid composition and structural properties (Shewry and Halford, 2002)...

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Development of aleurone and sub-aleurone layers in maize

Cited by 48 publications

References 16 publications

Maize early endosperm growth and development: From fertilization through cell type differentiation

Maize early endosperm growth and development: From fertilization through cell type differentiation

Protein body formation in the developing barley endosperm

Delivery of Prolamins to the Protein Storage Vacuole in Maize Aleurone Cells

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