Development of all-bio-based xylan adhesive: Simple preparation and excellent performance

Eco-Friendly Biobased Adhesives Prepared from Different Polyester-type Glucose with High Cross-Linked Structure

“…37 These alterations in the FT-IR spectrum indicated that the C6-OH group (C6 peak above 61 ppm) 38 from glucose esterified with the P−OH group from PA or −COOH group from CA or MA to form new P−O−C or −COO− bonds. Through the analysis of LC-MS, 13 C NMR, and FT-IR, it was demonstrated that PA, MA, and CA could all esterify with G to generate polyester-type glucose-based adhesives. The reaction mechanism is depicted in Figure 5.…”

“…To further analyze the reaction mechanism between polybasic acids and glucose, 13 C NMR (Figure 3) and FT-IR (Figure 4) were conducted on polyester-type glucose-based adhesives. Figure 3 shows the 13 C NMR spectra of G, PG-1, MAG-1, and CAG-1 adhesives, with the carbon atoms related to C1−C6 indicated on the chemical structure of G. In Figure 3c, the 13 C NMR spectrum of the MAG-1 adhesive reveals peaks at around 130 ppm for C8 and C9, attributed to −C� C− bonds of MA, while C7 in the −COO− bond of PG adhesive is observed at approximately 166 ppm. The 13 C NMR spectrum of the CAG-1 adhesive in Figure 3d reveals the presence of an ester bond at around 170 ppm, indicating the reaction of polybasic acid with glucose through esterification.…”

“…Natural resources, like polysaccharides, 1−7 protein, 8−10 and polyphenols, 11,12 have been used as raw resources for biobased wood adhesives. 13 Over the past few decades, some natural polysaccharides, such as starch, 1−4 cellulose, 5,6 and chitosan, 7 have been utilized to prepare biobased adhesives, but their poor water resistance necessitated modification. The complex structure of polysaccharides posed challenges for modification, requiring activation through chemical or physical methods to enhance reactivity.…”

“…Comparative analysis with the CAG adhesive was conducted to explore the impact of different polybasic acids on the performance of polyester-type glucose-based adhesives. Various analytical techniques such as FT-IR, LC-MS, and 13 C NMR were utilized to investigate the reaction mechanism between polybasic acid and glucose. The study also examined the thermal properties, water resistance, and strength of the cured adhesives to assess the performance of the adhesives.…”

“…As a result, there is a growing interest in developing biobased adhesives with high performance. Natural resources, like polysaccharides, − protein, − and polyphenols, , have been used as raw resources for biobased wood adhesives …”