Development of an electric field sensor based on second harmonic generation with electro-optic materials

Theoretical investigations of the local structures and spin Hamiltonian parameters for the trigonal Co2+ centers in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3

“…LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 are widely applied in optical waveguides [1][2][3], up-conversion materials [4,5], detectors [6,7] and laser devices [8,9] due to their unique optical, laser and electro-optical properties when doped with transition-metal ions [10][11][12]. The above properties can be investigated by means of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) [13][14][15][16].…”

Temperature dependence of linear electrooptic coefficients r 113 and r 333 in lithium niobate

“…Lithium niobate is one of the most important materials due to its many standard and modern applications [1][2][3]. One of the most often investigated configurations in the crystal is that when the electric field is applied along the optical axis and the light beam propagates along x or y direction.…”

“…Equation (2) indicates that the temperature dependence of r eff is due either to changes in the r 113 and r 333 coefficients or to the temperature dependences of the refractive indices. The aim of this work is to show that it is possible to determine the individual electrooptic coefficients from measurements of the effective coefficient.…”

Distortion-free measurement of electric field strength with a MEMS sensor

“…This problem becomes even more serious, if parts of a sensor have to be grounded or connected to large conductors in order to establish a reference potential. Current measurement systems for static and low-frequency electric field can be divided into two general categories: direct electrical conversion comprising double probes of electrical potential as well as field mills [1, 2] and electrooptical systems [3, 4]. A variety of alternative approaches also exist [5, 6] but they all suffer from drawbacks like limited lifetime or scaleablity.…”

“…Electrooptical crystals can be used to quantify the strength of the electrical field either through absorption of light or by changes in the refractive index [15, 16, 17]. Optical sensors based on the Pockels effect have been widely studied in various arrangements and offer typical resolutions of 0.6(V/m)/Hz [18, 19, 20, 3]. But such electrooptical electric field sensors suffer from an intrinsic temperature instability due to the pyroelectric effect and the thermal expansion of the material [21], and no optical sensor has so far satisfyingly solved this problem [22, 4].…”