“…The flower pollination algorithms (FPA) were used to extract the global parameters of both the single-diode and the double-diode models based on the experimental data [15]. Additionally, other recent optimization algorithms were used to find the best values of PV parameters, including transient search optimization (TSO) [16], cuckoo search (CS) [17], whale optimization algorithm (WOA) [18], supply demand-based optimization (SDO) [19], salp swarm algorithm (SSA) [20], improved bonobo optimizer (IBO) [21], multiverse optimizer (MVO) [22], tree growth algorithm (TGA) [23], grey wolf optimization (GWO) [24], triple-phase teaching-learning-based optimization (TPTLBO) [25], ant lion optimization (ALO) [26], chaos game optimization (CGO) [27], Harris hawk optimization (HHO) [28], Rao algorithm [29], slime mould algorithm (SMA) [30], and hybrid techniques, such as hybrid adaptive TLBO with DE algorithm (ATLDE) [31], GWOCS [1], PSOGWO [32], Marine predator algorithm (MPA) [33], Coyote optimization [34], and Jaya algorithm and its variants [35]. Each technique has various strategies to achieve a certain objective, and the power of each technique depends on the precision of the estimated parameters, computation time, and computational complexity.…”