Development of an Improved Method of Sample Extraction and Quantitation of Multi-Mycotoxin in Feed by LC-MS/MS

Nakhjavan, Bahar; Ahmed, Nighat Sami; Khosravifard, Maryam

doi:10.3390/toxins12070462

Cited by 36 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…They were then centrifuged for 5 minutes at 3000 × g. Solid phase extraction was done and 0.4 ml of the extracts were diluted with 0.6 ml of ammonium formate in water. S1) [13].…”

Section: Aflatoxin Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxin content and health risks associated with consumption of some herbal products sold in Kampala, Uganda

et al. 2021

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Persuasive adverts and exaggeration of health benefits from consumption of herbal products as well as the mental picture of ‘natural’ is ‘safe’ has boosted traditional medicine use in Uganda. However, herbal products may be unsafe due to the possibility of their contamination with mycotoxins. In this study, we quantified the levels of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) in Real Koff product, Eddagala ly’e kifuba n’e senyiga, Omusujja, Cough mixture and Fever herbal products sold in Kampala, Uganda using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The associated consumption health risks were assessed using the hazard index method. Only aflatoxin B1 was detected in 60% of the samples, with 40% of these surpassing WHO guidelines of ≤ 5 µg/kg. The hazard indices were all less than 1, implying that Ugandans who heavily rely on the herbal products are exposed to aflatoxins at sublethal doses which may lead to chronic effects in the long run. Studies using a larger sample size should assess whether the current observation is a routine occurrence or a sporadic event.

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“…They were then centrifuged for 5 minutes at 3000 × g. Solid phase extraction was done and 0.4 ml of the extracts were diluted with 0.6 ml of ammonium formate in water. S1) [13].…”

Section: Aflatoxin Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxin content and health risks associated with consumption of some herbal products sold in Kampala, Uganda

et al. 2021

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“…In order to accelerate the chemical reaction process of extraction and to increase the chances to detect the mycotoxins, the sample should be ground to the final particle size of approximately 500 µm opening size and homogenized to whole wheat flour or powder-like consistency [ 35 , 38 ]. Once homogeneity is obtained, the sample should be mixed.…”

Section: Food Sampling and Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Existing Methods and Novel Approaches in Mycotoxins’ Detection

et al. 2021

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Mycotoxins represent a wide range of secondary, naturally occurring and practically unavoidable fungal metabolites. They contaminate various agricultural commodities like cereals, maize, peanuts, fruits, and feed at any stage in pre- or post-harvest conditions. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed can cause acute or chronic toxicity in human and animals. The risk that is posed to public health have prompted the need to develop methods of analysis and detection of mycotoxins in food products. Mycotoxins wide range of structural diversity, high chemical stability, and low concentrations in tested samples require robust, effective, and comprehensible detection methods. This review summarizes current methods, such as chromatographic and immunochemical techniques, as well as novel, alternative approaches like biosensors, electronic noses, or molecularly imprinted polymers that have been successfully applied in detection and identification of various mycotoxins in food commodities. In order to highlight the significance of sampling and sample treatment in the analytical process, these steps have been comprehensively described.

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“…Common analytical methods for identifying and quantifying mycotoxins include thin-layer chromatography (TLC) [ 13 , 14 ] or high-pressure TLC [ 15 ], laser fluorimetry [ 16 ], gas chromatography (GC) [ 14 ] often coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [ 17 , 18 ], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [ 19 , 20 , 21 ] with standardised sample preparation [ 22 , 23 ], ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) [ 24 ], and capillary electrophoresis [ 25 , 26 ]. HPLC methods have become the most widespread for mycotoxin analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct and Competitive Optical Grating Immunosensors for Determination of Fusarium Mycotoxin Zearalenone

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et al. 2021

Toxins

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Novel optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS)-based immunosensor formats were developed for label-free detection of Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone (ZON). To achieve low limits of detection (LODs), both immobilised antibody-based (direct) and immobilised antigen-based (competitive) assay setups were applied. Immunoreagents were immobilised on epoxy-, amino-, and carboxyl-functionalised sensor surfaces, and by optimising the immobilisation methods, standard sigmoid curves were obtained in both sensor formats. An outstanding LOD of 0.002 pg/mL was obtained for ZON in the competitive immunosensor setup with a dynamic detection range between 0.01 and 1 pg/mL ZON concentrations, depending on the covalent immobilisation method applied. This corresponds to a five orders of magnitude improvement in detectability of ZON relative to the previously developed enzyme-linked immonosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The selectivity of the immunosensor for ZON was demonstrated with structural analogues (α-zearalenol, α-zearalanol, and β-zearalanol) and structurally unrelated mycotoxins. The method was found to be applicable in maize extract using acetonitrile as the organic solvent, upon a dilution rate of 1:10,000 in buffer. Thus, the OWLS immunosensor method developed appears to be suitable for the quantitative determination of ZON in aqueous medium. The new technique can widen the range of sensoric detection methods of ZON for surveys in food and environmental safety assessment.

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Development of an Improved Method of Sample Extraction and Quantitation of Multi-Mycotoxin in Feed by LC-MS/MS

Cited by 36 publications

References 27 publications

Aflatoxin content and health risks associated with consumption of some herbal products sold in Kampala, Uganda

Aflatoxin content and health risks associated with consumption of some herbal products sold in Kampala, Uganda

The Existing Methods and Novel Approaches in Mycotoxins’ Detection

Direct and Competitive Optical Grating Immunosensors for Determination of Fusarium Mycotoxin Zearalenone

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