Development of an Insect Herbivore and its Pupal Parasitoid Reflect Differences in Direct Plant Defense

Harvey, Jeffrey A.; Gols, Rieta; Wagenaar, R.; Bezemer, T. Martijn

doi:10.1007/s10886-007-9323-0

Cited by 55 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…For example, GS in B. oleracea cultivars are often reduced compared with wild conspecific plants (Kushad et al 1999;Rosa 1999;Moyes et al 2000). Several studies have demonstrated that both herbivores and their parasitoids perform more poorly on wild than on cultivated brassicaceous plant species Harvey et al 2007a;Gols et al 2008c). …”

Section: Plant-herbivore-parasitoid Interactions In Domesticated and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant-mediated effects in the Brassicaceae on the performance and behaviour of parasitoids

2008

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Direct and indirect plant defences are well studied, particularly in the Brassicaceae. Glucosinolates (GS) are secondary plant compounds characteristic in this plant family. They play an important role in defence against herbivores and pathogens. Insect herbivores that are specialists on brassicaceous plant species have evolved adaptations to excrete or detoxify GS. Other insect herbivores may even sequester GS and employ them as defence against their own antagonists, such as predators. Moreover, high levels of GS in the food plants of non-sequestering herbivores can negatively affect the growth and survival of their parasitoids. In addition to allelochemicals, plants produce volatile chemicals when damaged by herbivores. These herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPV) have been demonstrated to play an important role in foraging behaviour of insect parasitoids. In addition, biosynthetic pathways involved in the production of HIPV are being unraveled using the model plant Arabidopsis thialiana. However, the majority of studies investigating the attractiveness of HIPV to parasitoids are based on experiments mainly using crop plant species in which defence traits may have changed through artificial selection. Field studies with both cultivated and wild crucifers, the latter in which defence traits are intact, are necessary to reveal the relative importance of direct and indirect plant defence strategies on parasitoid and plant fitness. Future research should also consider the potential conflict between direct and indirect plant defences when studying the evolution of plant defences against insect herbivory.

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Section: Plant-herbivore-parasitoid Interactions In Domesticated and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant-mediated effects in the Brassicaceae on the performance and behaviour of parasitoids

2008

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“…Transcription of MAM-like genes results in elongation of glucosinolate side chains from three carbon atoms (C 3 ) to C 4 , and up to C 8 , thereby affecting the ratio of, for example, C 3 to C 4 compounds in the glucosinolate profile (Kroymann et al 2001, Field et al 2004. The history of cultivation of B. oleracea has resulted in a decrease in total glucosinolate levels compared to wild type plants (Harvey et al 2007, Gols et al 2008a. However, cultivation has also led to a diversity of chemical profiles, with cultivars having relatively similar total concentrations of glucosinolates but different mixtures of C 3 and C 4 compounds in their profile.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical diversity in Brassica oleracea affects biodiversity of insect herbivores

Poelman

Dam

Loon

et al. 2009

Ecology

138

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Abstract. Intraspecific variation in plants plays a major role in the composition and diversity of the associated insect community. Resistance traits of plants are likely candidates mediating community composition. However, it is debated whether total concentrations of chemical compounds or specific compounds determine herbivore resistance, and how chemical diversity among plant genotypes in turn affects the composition of the associated herbivore community.To study the role of specific chemical compounds in affecting the herbivore community, we used cultivated Brassica oleracea. The cultivars differ qualitatively in glucosinolate profile, i.e., foliar composition of different glucosinolate compounds, and only a little in total concentration of glucosinolates, the secondary metabolites specific for the Brassicaceae family. In field and laboratory experiments, we tested whether individual compounds explained differences in herbivore community composition, and whether herbivores with a similar degree of host plant specialization responded in a similar way to variation in glucosinolate profiles.In the field B. oleracea cultivars differed widely in species richness and composition of the herbivore community, as well as in the density of insects they harbored. Plants with high concentrations of the short side chain alkenyl glucosinolate, glucoiberin, harbored low herbivore diversity. Higher biodiversity was found when plants had glucosinolate profiles containing high concentrations of glucosinolates with elongated side chains, which are biosynthetically linked to glucoiberin. Although glucosinolates are known to have differential effects on generalist and specialist herbivores, all herbivore species exhibited similar responses to the intraspecific variation in foliar glucosinolate profiles of the B. oleracea cultivars. This observation is supported by the correspondence between oviposition preferences of the specialist herbivore Pieris rapae and the generalist Mamestra brassicae in the field and the laboratory, using the same cultivars, and may be due to the relatively low concentrations of glucosinolates in cultivars. Our results show that variation in the concentration of short sidechain glucosinolates affects the composition of the herbivore community associated with brassicaceous plants.

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“…Foliar glucosinolate concentrations measured as constitutive and herbivore-induced traits, as well as herbivore and parasitoid development have been studied in several wild B. oleracea populations and in a domesticated cultivar (Harvey et al 2007;Gols et al 2008a, b). Based on this information, we have selected two wild populations (Old Harry and Kimmeridge) and a cultivar and studied their inXuence on herbivore immune responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of constitutive and induced variation in plant nutritional quality for immune defence of a herbivore against parasitism

et al. 2009

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The mechanisms through which trophic interactions between species are indirectly mediated by distant members in a food web have received increasing attention in the Weld of ecology of multitrophic interactions. Scarcely studied aspects include the eVects of varying plant chemistry on herbivore immune defences against parasitoids. We investigated the eVects of constitutive and herbivoreinduced variation in the nutritional quality of wild and cultivated populations of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) on the ability of small cabbage white Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) larvae to encapsulate eggs of the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Average encapsulation rates in caterpillars parasitised as Wrst instars were low and did not diVer among plant populations, with caterpillar weight positively correlating with the rates of encapsulation. When caterpillars were parasitised as second instar larvae, encapsulation of eggs increased. Caterpillars were larger on the cultivated Brussels sprouts plants and exhibited higher levels of encapsulation compared with caterpillars on plants of either of the wild cabbage populations. Observed diVerences in encapsulation rates between plant populations could not be explained exclusively by diVerences in host growth on the diVerent Brassica populations. Previous herbivore damage resulted in a reduction in the larval weight of subsequent herbivores with a concomitant reduction in encapsulation responses on both Brussels sprouts and wild cabbage plants. To our knowledge this is the Wrst study demonstrating that constitutive and herbivore-induced changes in plant chemistry act in concert, aVecting the immune response of herbivores to parasitism. We argue that plant-mediated immune responses of herbivores may be important in the evaluation of Wtness costs and beneWts of herbivore diet on the third trophic level.

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Development of an Insect Herbivore and its Pupal Parasitoid Reflect Differences in Direct Plant Defense

Cited by 55 publications

References 55 publications

Plant-mediated effects in the Brassicaceae on the performance and behaviour of parasitoids

Plant-mediated effects in the Brassicaceae on the performance and behaviour of parasitoids

Chemical diversity in Brassica oleracea affects biodiversity of insect herbivores

Consequences of constitutive and induced variation in plant nutritional quality for immune defence of a herbivore against parasitism

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