Development of an inverse low‐temperature plasma ionization source for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry

Brecht, Dominik; Uteschil, Florian; Schmitz, Oliver J.

doi:10.1002/rcm.9071

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The results showed that for the TPI, argon provided signal responses around 2 times higher than those obtained with helium for all the analytes. Although helium is generally recommended as discharge gas, these results are in agreement with those obtained by Brecht et al using the iLTP source for LC–MS/MS measurements. After selecting argon as discharge gas, the flow rate was optimized from 100 to 400 mL min –1 achieving the highest responses at 200 mL min –1 (SI Figure S2).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Helium is usually preferred as discharge gas in soft ionization plasma sources showing an ionization mechanism which starts by the Penning ionization of the N 2 by means of He M followed by a typical APCI-like mechanism. 15 In contrast, the ionization mechanism with argon, which has recently shown a good performance by LC−iLTP-MS/MS, 25 is still not fully understood. The ignition of both gases (200 mL min −1 ) was conducted by applying square-wave high voltage pulses of +2.5 kV, a frequency of 12.5 kHz and a pulse width of 2 μs.…”

Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plasma-based ion sources have been often applied for liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) determinations − or ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) analyses. − However, there are still few studies for GC–MS applications. For instance, the developed GC–LTP source by Nørgaard et al was able to ionize volatile organic compounds (VOCs) whereas Mirabelli et al successfully determined pesticides by GC–DBDI.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Development of a Tube Plasma Ion Source for Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Comparison with Other Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Techniques

et al. 2022

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A tube plasma ionization (TPI) open-air source for gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS) was developed. This source is based on an inverse low temperature plasma configuration where the pin inner electrode is applying the high voltage and the grounded electrode is the housing itself. The ionization possibilities were tested by using an EPA mix of priority contaminants, showing that 68% of the analytes could undergo both proton-transfer and charge-exchange reactions. The potential of using different discharge gases (He and Ar) to ionize the analytes and auxiliary gases (He, N 2 , O 2, and synthetic air) to transport the ions toward the MS was carefully investigated. Additionally, the addition of water was also tested to show the different ionization trends in the TPI source. Finally, the ionization by TPI under both dry and wet conditions was compared with other gas-phase atmospheric pressure ionization sources showing TPI could ionize a wider range of compounds (97%) than atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI, 95%) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI, 87%). Besides, the detection capability of TPI was better than APCI and APPI, achieving instrumental limits of detection down to 3 fg on column, which demonstrates the great potential of this ionization source for GC−MS determinations.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: ■ Experimental Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Development of a Tube Plasma Ion Source for Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Comparison with Other Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Techniques

et al. 2022

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Optimized liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry protocol for enhanced detection of 45 pesticides in water and soil samples

Meng,

Yao,

Wen

et al. 2024

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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RationaleThe development of analytical screening techniques for pesticides is crucial for preventing and mitigating environmental contamination. Mass spectrometry‐based screening methods differ based on the complexity of the sample matrix and the diversity of the target compounds. One of the major challenges is balancing cost reduction in the extraction process with the optimization of analytical results. This protocol introduces a universal and efficient scheme for the qualitative and quantitative schemes for 45 pesticides within a single analytical run.MethodsWater samples were extracted using an SPE column, with the pH adjusted to 7. Soil samples were processed using a modified QuEChERS method. The pretreatment for water samples emphasized selecting appropriate SPE columns and optimizing pH, while for soil samples, the focus was on choosing suitable extraction solvents and extraction salt packages. The enriched samples were then analyzed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The method was evaluated for accuracy, precision, detection limits, and matrix effects.ResultsThe method enabled the simultaneous detection of 45 pesticides within a 15‐minute analysis period. SPE recoveries ranged from 56.1% to 118.8%. Instrumental detection limits varied between 0.02 and 1 pg, while method detection limits extended from 0.05 to 18.47 ng/l in soil and water matrices. The approach was successfully applied to water and soil samples, with the pesticide concentration ranging from 0.1 ng/L to 38 μg/L.ConclusionsThe protocol substantially enhances the characterization and quantification of 45 pesticides in environmental samples, achieving a remarkable reduction in detection limits by an order of magnitude compared to previous research. This method enables the simultaneous detection of pesticides in both water and soil matrices using a single system, addressing the challenges of using separate systems for different environmental media. Furthermore, this protocol provides a crucial theoretical foundation for managing and safeguarding against pesticide pollution.

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Soft ionization mechanisms in flexible µ-tube plasma—from FµTP to closed µ-tube plasma

Speicher,

Song,

Ahlmann

et al. 2024

Anal Bioanal Chem

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In order to find an explanation for the mechanism in a plasma operated with an alternating voltage, or rather a square wave voltage, such a plasma was investigated. It was found that Penning ionization, charge transfer, and photoionization played a minor or even no role in the soft ionization mechanism of a FµTP. If the collision of plasma gases with air does not contribute to soft ionization, it should also be possible to use a separated plasma for soft ionization. Preliminary investigations show that it is possible to ignite a diagnosis gas with a plasma gas even when there is a barrier such as glass between those gases. A temporally and locally limited potential must be produced at the outer surface to achieve this. This potential should be sufficient to ionize the environment softly and to be able to use this so-called closed µ-tube plasma as a new ionization source.

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Development of an inverse low‐temperature plasma ionization source for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry

Abstract: This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as

Cited by 8 publications

References 47 publications

Development of a Tube Plasma Ion Source for Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Comparison with Other Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Techniques

Development of a Tube Plasma Ion Source for Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Comparison with Other Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Techniques

Optimized liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry protocol for enhanced detection of 45 pesticides in water and soil samples

Soft ionization mechanisms in flexible µ-tube plasma—from FµTP to closed µ-tube plasma

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