Development of an Isotope Dilution UHPLC–QqQ-MS/MS-Based Method for Simultaneous Determination of Typical Advanced Glycation End Products and Acrylamide in Baked and Fried Foods

Abstract

In this work, a stable isotope dilution ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–QqQ-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of N ε-(carboxymethyl)­lysine (CML), N ε-(carboxyethyl)­lysine (CEL), and acrylamide (AA) in baked and fried foods. Ground food samples were extracted with acetone followed by two parallel assays. In assay A, a cleanup procedure based on dispersive solid-phase extraction was conducted for AA, free CML, and CEL analysis using the supernatant. In assay B, a multistep process including reduction, protein precipitation, acid hydrolysis, and solid-phase extraction was conducted for bound CML and CEL analysis using precipitation. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity (limit of detection, LOD; limit of quantitation, LOQ), accuracy, and precision. The results showed that the method had a wide linear range (0.25–500 ng/mL for CML and CEL, 0.5–500 ng/mL for AA), low LOD and LOQ (0.47–0.94 and 1.52–1.91 μg/kg, respectively), and good linearity (R 2 > 0.999). The recovery test on baby biscuit and French fries samples showed the recovery rates of 90.2–108.3% for CML, 89.0–106.1% for CEL, and 94.5–112.3% for AA with satisfactory precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 10%). Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to 11 baked and fried food samples, and total CML, CEL, and AA contents varied in the ranges of 4.07–35.88 mg/kg, 1.99–14.49 mg/kg, and 5.56–506.64 μg/kg, respectively. Therefore, the isotope dilution UHPLC–QqQ-MS/MS method developed herein is promising for routine analysis of CML, CEL, and AA in baked and fried foods.

AGEs-related dysfunctions in PCOS: evidence from animal and clinical research

“…A limited number of AGEs, such as hydroimidazolones, is derived exclusively from endogenous sources (Ravichandran et al 2019). Due to their existence in different forms in foods, ongoing studies have been focusing on the development of reliable analytical methods for AGE identification in food matrices (Cheng et al 2021).…”

Dietary N‐epsilon‐carboxymethyllysine as for a major glycotoxin in foods: A review

“…The instrumental methods contain HPLC coupled with diode array detectors (DAD) or fluorescence detectors (FLD), HPLC-MS, UPLC-MS, and GC-MS (Assar et al, 2009;Charissou et al, 2007;G. Chen & Smith 2015;Cheng et al, 2021;Milkovska-Stamenova et al, 2015;Scheijen et al, 2016;C. Sun et al, 2012;Yu, Gao, et al, 2016).…”

“…Cheng et al. (2021) developed an isotope dilution combined with UPLC/MS/MS to determine CML levels in typical baked and fried foods. Nevertheless, there are also some limitations to UPLC method such as high cost and highly trained personnel.…”

“…After a proper pretreatment of the matrix, several measurement techniques are included for determining dietary CML levels. The widely used approaches (Aalaei et al., 2017; Charissou et al., 2007; G. Chen & Smith 2015; Cheng et al., 2021; Goldberg et al., 2004; Milkovska‐Stamenova et al., 2015; Roldan et al., 2015; Scheijen et al., 2016; C. Sun et al., 2012; Uribarri et al., 2010; Zhu, Fang, Cheng, et al., 2020) contain enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), high‐performance liquid chromatography‐fluorescence spectroscopy (HPLC‐FS), liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS), gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), and ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS).…”

“…The chromatographical technique, as an effective method, has been applied in separating and detecting individual components in food matrix. The instrumental methods contain HPLC coupled with diode array detectors (DAD) or fluorescence detectors (FLD), HPLC‐MS, UPLC‐MS, and GC‐MS (Assar et al., 2009; Charissou et al., 2007; G. Chen & Smith 2015; Cheng et al., 2021; Milkovska‐Stamenova et al., 2015; Scheijen et al., 2016; C. Sun et al., 2012; Yu, Gao, et al., 2016). The instrumental techniques have been used in quantifying dietary CML extensively and accurately, but the analytical methods require complicated sample preparation (e.g., digestion of bound CML).…”