Development of an online food frequency questionnaire and estimation of misreporting of energy intake during the COVID-19 pandemic among young adults in Peru

Abstract

BackgroundThe Young Lives longitudinal study switched to remote data collection methods including the adaptation of dietary intake assessment to online modes due to the physical contact restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to describe the adaptation process and validation of an online quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Peruvian young adults.MethodsA previously validated face-to-face FFQ for the adult Peruvian population was adapted to be administered through an online self-administered questionnaire using a multi-stage process. Questionnaire development was informed by experts’ opinions and pilot surveys. FFQ validity was assessed by estimating misreporting of energy intake (EI) using the McCrory method, and the FFQ reliability with Cronbach alpha. Logistic regressions were used to examine associations of misreporting with sociodemographic, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity covariates.ResultsThe FFQ was completed by 426 Peruvian young adults from urban and rural areas, among whom 31% were classified as misreporters, with most of them (16.2%) overreporting daily EI. Men had a lower risk of under-reporting and a higher risk of over-reporting (OR = 0.28 and 1.89). Participants without a higher education degree had a lower risk of under-reporting and a higher risk of over-reporting (OR = 2.18 and 0.36, respectively). No major difference in misreporting was found across age groups, areas, studying as the main activity, being physically active or sedentary, or BMI. Results showed good internal reliability for the overall FFQ (Cronbach alpha = 0.82).ConclusionMisreporting of EI was mostly explained by education level and sex across participants. Other sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and BMI did not explain the differences in EI misreporting. The adapted online FFQ proved to be reliable and valid for assessing dietary intakes among Peruvian young adults during the COVID pandemic. Further studies should aim at using and validating innovative dietary intake data collection methods, such as those described, for informing public health policies targeting malnutrition in different contexts after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Interactions between genetic and lifestyle factors on cardiometabolic disease-related outcomes in Latin American and Caribbean populations: A systematic review

“…Another issue that could affect the results is the accuracy of the methods used to measure exposure variables such as dietary intake and physical activity ( 167 , 168 ). Some studies used 24-h recall questionnaires and self-reporting methods ( 64 , 77 , 81 , 112 , 144 , 158 ), which might have induced recall bias, inadequate estimations, daily variation bias, and over and underreporting of values ( 169 , 170 ). Measurement of dietary intake is a crucial part of gene-diet interaction studies as under or overestimation of dietary intake can weaken or reverse the association between dietary factors and cardiometabolic traits ( 170 , 171 ).…”

“…Some studies used 24-h recall questionnaires and self-reporting methods ( 64 , 77 , 81 , 112 , 144 , 158 ), which might have induced recall bias, inadequate estimations, daily variation bias, and over and underreporting of values ( 169 , 170 ). Measurement of dietary intake is a crucial part of gene-diet interaction studies as under or overestimation of dietary intake can weaken or reverse the association between dietary factors and cardiometabolic traits ( 170 , 171 ). Moreover, other studies used food frequency questionnaires with no information on whether they were tested for validity.…”

Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik dan Pola Makan dengan Indeks Massa Tubuh Mahasiswa Keperawatan

“…Sehingga, keadaan status gizi seseorang tidak bisa ditentukan secara pasti dengan menggunakan indikator pola makan. Selain itu, kuesioner yang diisi sendiri oleh responden (self-reported) dapat mempengaruhi hasil karena kurangnya kesesuaian dan kontrol atas instruksi yang diberikan dalam kuesioner (Vega-Salas et al, 2022).…”