“…There are hosts of biomolecular interactions/processes that are studied using QD energy transfer formats and these include nucleic acid interactions, binding protein conformation changes, antibody binding, aptamer interactions, and protease cleavage [283,513,[515][516][517][518]524,554]. Assay formats found in conjunction with QD FRET are quite varied and include (i) cleavage-based assays (e. g., proteases, kinases, and DNAzymes) (Figure 6.27) [321,365,368,[526][527][528][529][556][557][558], (ii) conformational change-based assays (e.g., aptamers, binding proteins, and DNA molecular beacons) [518,[559][560][561], (iii) displacement assays (e.g., antibodies and binding proteins) (Figure 6.28) [554,562], (iv) various immunoassays (including direct, displacement, and sandwich) [367,[562][563][564], (v) nucleic acid hybridization [518,555], and (vi) assays based on acceptor spectral changes (mainly pH or ion sensitive dyes) (Figure 6.16) [79, 527,556]. Given the unique photophysical properties of QDs, our increasing fundamental understanding of these unique materials when used in energy transfer configurations, and the availability of improved synthesis and bioconjugation methods, we can expect continued utilization in many FRETbased biological assays, with increasing emphasis on multiplexed and in vivo detection [321,…”