Development of an Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Technique for the Extraction of Natural Coloring Substance Chlorophyll from Leaves of <i>Carica papaya</i>

Abstract

IntroductionPapaya, scientifically known as Carica papaya belongs to family Caricaceae 1 . It is a herbaceous tender plant with a strong stem 2 . The whole plant fruits, leaves, seeds, roots, juice, latex, and bark is used for its nutritional, medicinal and various other purposes 3 . It is comprises of various phytochemicals including caffeic-acid, myricetin, quercetin, α-tocopherol, papain, benzyl iso-thiocyanate, kaempferol and rutin, that demonstrates its noteworthy antioxidant properties 4 . It possesses antimicrobial, anthelmintic, and antioxidant properties 5 . Extract of Carica papaya leaf has exceptional medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, hypoglycemic, and antiinflammatory activity 6 . Also several in vitro and in vivo studies have verified that extracts of papaya leaf possesses following medicinal properties including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-dengue, antiplasmodial, anti-bacterial, hepatoprotection and anti-inflammatory 7 . Carica papaya is an

Different doses of UV-B radiation affect pigmented potatoes’ growth and quality during the whole growth period

“…The chlorophyll (Chl) was determined by the soaking method ( Zulqarnain et al., 2021 ; Kumar et al., 2022 ). Weigh 0.1 g fresh leaves, add 20 mL of 95% ethanol for dark treatment until the leaves turn white, fix the volume to 25 mLwith 95% ethanol, measure the OD value under A665, A649 and A470, and calculate the chlorophyll pigmented content;…”

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Natural Pigments From Food Processing By-Products: A Review

“…All studies evaluated chlorophyll extraction from leaves (agricultural waste produced during harvest). Chlorophyll was extracted by UAE from the powder of the dry leaves of carrot ( 99 ), papaya ( 101 ), cassava ( 100 ), and olive ( 102 ). Among the processing conditions performed in the mentioned studies, ultrasound probe and bath were used, a maximum temperature of 50°C, extraction times from 5 min to 90 min, S/L ratio from 0.033 to 0.05 g/mL using as solvents water, hexane, acetone, or a mixture of water with ethanol.…”

“…According to Molina et al ( 99 ) the UAE proved to be more efficient than maceration extraction and compared to water and hexane, ethanol allowed the extraction of greater amounts of chlorophylls. For instance, Zulqarnain et al ( 101 ) determined that the optimal conditions for chlorophyll extraction from papaya leaf powder were ethanol 80%, 5 min, 35°C and 1 g of raw material, obtaining a chlorophyll yield of 40% (0.4 g/g) in the extract, which in the purified form was composed of chlorophyll-a (14.125 mg/g) and chlorophyll-b (19.845 mg/g). In addition, it was obtained chlorophyll-a (1.3 mg/g of freeze-dried extract) and chlorophyll-b (0.54 mg/g of freeze-dried extract) from olive leaves through UAE application ( 102 ), while in cassava leaves, it was obtained that the total chlorophyll (sum of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b) content of the cassava leaves ranged from 326.27 to 747.86 mg/100 g dry matter ( 100 ).…”

Green Application of Ultrasonic Waves for Extraction of Yellow Colorant from Haar Singhar and its Colouring Behaviour in Cotton Dyeing

“…The cavitation mechanism in the ultrasound extraction method results in two strategies of cavitation and heating, as cavitation molecules knock at the surface of a solid substrate and create strong vibrations that quickly mix the altered layer by fully dispersing the molecules at the surface, cavitation removes air. It improves the fabric's surface physically, which boosts dye adsorption [23,24,25]. The ultrasonic approach is more effective, saving money, energy, and labour since it bursts the cell wall without physically harming the physiologic property [26,27].…”