Development of attentional networks during childhood and adolescence: A functional MRI study

Saito, Daisuke N.; Fujisawa, Takashi; Yanaka, Hisakazu T.; Teruya, Fujii; Kochiyama, Takanori; Makita, Kai; Tomoda, Akemi; Okazawa, Hidehiko

doi:10.1002/npr2.12246

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…Smaller putamen and basal ganglia in children have been linked with higher ADHD scores ( Li et al, 2022 ), and poorer working memory ( Pangelinan et al, 2011 ), cognition, academic achievement and motor function ( Loh et al, 2020 ). Childhood caudate size has been associated with general cognitive abilities ( Pangelinan et al, 2011 ) and executive function ( Saito et al, 2022 ). Reductions in caudate and putamen volume in the neonatal period may therefore underpin the neurodevelopmental delays previously reported in HEU children ( Kerr et al, 2014 ; Benki-Nugent et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal ART throughout gestation prevents caudate volume reductions in neonates who are HIV exposed but uninfected

Ibrahim

Warton²,

Fry³

et al. 2023

Front. Neurosci.

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IntroductionSuccessful programmes for prevention of vertical HIV transmission have reduced the risk of infant HIV infection in South Africa from 8% in 2008 to below 1% in 2018/2019, resulting in an increasing population of children exposed to HIV perinatally but who are uninfected (HEU). However, the long-term effects of HIV and antiretroviral treatment (ART) exposure on the developing brain are not well understood. Whereas children who are HEU perform better than their HIV-infected counterparts, they demonstrate greater neurodevelopmental delay than children who are HIV unexposed and uninfected (HUU), especially in resource-poor settings. Here we investigate subcortical volumetric differences related to HIV and ART exposure in neonates.MethodsWe included 120 infants (59 girls; 79 HEU) born to healthy women with and without HIV infection in Cape Town, South Africa, where HIV sero-prevalence approaches 30%. Of the 79 HEU infants, 40 were exposed to ART throughout gestation (i.e., mothers initiated ART pre conception; HEU-pre), and 39 were exposed to ART for part of gestation (i.e., mothers initiated ART post conception; HEU-post). Post-conception mothers had a mean (± SD) gestational age (GA) of 15.4 (± 5.7) weeks at ART initiation. Mothers with HIV received standard care fixed drug combination ART (Tenofovir/Efavirenz/Emtricitabine). Infants were imaged unsedated on a 3T Skyra (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) at mean GA equivalent of 41.5 (± 1.0) weeks. Selected regions (caudate, putamen, pallidum, thalamus, cerebellar hemispheres and vermis, and corpus callosum) were manually traced on T1-weighted images using Freeview.ResultsHEU neonates had smaller left putamen volumes than HUU [β (SE) = −90.3 (45.3), p = 0.05] and caudate volume reductions that depended on ART exposure duration in utero. While the HEU-pre group demonstrated no caudate volume reductions compared to HUU, the HEU-post group had smaller caudate volumes bilaterally [β (SE) = −145.5 (45.1), p = 0.002, and −135.7 (49.7), p = 0.008 for left and right caudate, respectively].DiscussionThese findings from the first postnatal month suggest that maternal ART throughout gestation is protective to the caudate nuclei. In contrast, left putamens were smaller across all HEU newborns, despite maternal ART.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal ART throughout gestation prevents caudate volume reductions in neonates who are HIV exposed but uninfected

Ibrahim

Warton²,

Fry³

et al. 2023

Front. Neurosci.

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“…Therefore, we cannot further analyze the characteristics of children with this disease. The difference between children and adults may be due to central nervous system anatomy and physiology [ 1 , 15 ], and the fact that their organ systems, including the immune system, are still developing. In contrast, the most common clinical manifestations of NMDA AEs in children are language problems (85.1%), mental symptoms (80.9%), and dyskinesia/dystonia (78.7%) [ 37 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, tumors are rare in children. The diagnosis and treatment of CASPR2 antibody-associated AEs in children are challenging: it can be difficult to confirm the diagnosis because of difficulties in collecting detailed information on signs and symptoms and in children who frequently have the limited ability of young children to describe their symptoms [ 7 , 15 ]. Thus, pediatricians urgently need to define the clinical features of pediatric CASPR2 antibody-associated AEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contactin-associated protein-like 2 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis in children: case reports and systematic review of literature

et al. 2023

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Objectives To ascertain the clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis (AEs). Methods Two cases of CASPR2 antibody-associated AEs have been reported. In addition, a systematic search of literature published between January 2010 and March 2022 through six online databases was conducted to identify the pediatric patients with CASPR2 antibody-associated AEs. Data on demographics, clinical symptoms, laboratory examinations, imaging, treatment, and outcome were collected. Results Our updated literature search yielded 1,837 publications, of which 21 were selected, and 40 patients in this study met the diagnostic criteria for AE. There were 25 males and 15 females with a mean age of 9.2 years. The most common presenting symptoms are psychiatric symptoms (72.5%), sleep changes (62.5%), and movement disorders (60%). The psychiatric symptoms included mood changes (39.1%), behavior changes (25%), and hallucination (7.5%). In total, 23 cases (57.5%) combined with autonomic dysfunction, such as gastrointestinal dysmotility, cardiovascular-related symptoms, and sweating. No tumors were observed in children. Thirty-eight patients received first-line immunotherapy, and eight received first-line and second-line immunotherapy. All patients had a good clinical response to immune therapy. Mean mRS at onset was 3.4; It was 0.88 at the last follow-up. There was no recurrence during follow-up. Conclusion Psychiatric symptoms, sleep disorders, movement disorders, and cardiovascular-related symptoms are the most common presentation in pediatric patients with CASPR2 antibody-associated AEs. Tumor, particularly with thymoma, is uncommon in children diagnosed with CASPR2 antibody-associated AEs. In addition, prompt diagnosis and immunotherapy can relieve symptoms and improve the prognosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13760-023-02174-5.

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“…Future investigations should include individuals who are female, from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds, and exposed to civilian trauma. The lack of research conducted during substantial attention network development (e.g., childhood; Saito et al, 2022 ) is significant. Notably, most individuals (61–68%) experience trauma during developmental periods ( Copeland et al, 2007 ; McLaughlin et al, 2013 ), and many psychiatric disorders–including PTSD–originate during this time ( De Lijster et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussion and Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention, attention! Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with altered attention-related brain function

Ely,

Zundel,

Gowatch

et al. 2023

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition characterized by altered arousal, mood, and cognition. Studies report attentional alterations such as threat bias in individuals with PTSD, though this work has largely been conducted within emotionally-charged contexts (e.g., threatening stimuli). Emerging behavioral evidence suggests that PTSD-related attention deficits exist even in the absence of threatening cues or anxiety triggers. However, the role and functioning of attention brain circuits as they relate to PTSD remains underexplored. In this mini review, we highlight recent work using non-emotional stimuli to investigate the neurobiology of attention and disruptions to attention-related brain function among individuals with PTSD. We then discuss gaps in the current literature, including questions pertaining to the neural circuitry of attentional alterations in PTSD, as well as the contributions that trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, comorbidities, and pre-existing vulnerabilities may have in this relationship. Finally, we suggest future directions for this emerging area of research, which may further inform knowledge surrounding the neurobiological underpinnings of PTSD and potential treatments.

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Development of attentional networks during childhood and adolescence: A functional MRI study

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

Cited by 8 publications

References 35 publications

Maternal ART throughout gestation prevents caudate volume reductions in neonates who are HIV exposed but uninfected

Maternal ART throughout gestation prevents caudate volume reductions in neonates who are HIV exposed but uninfected

Contactin-associated protein-like 2 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis in children: case reports and systematic review of literature

Attention, attention! Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with altered attention-related brain function

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