“…The FFR is a noninvasive, objective measure of auditory coding generated primarily in the midbrain that also reflects contributions from the auditory nerve, brainstem, and cortex (Chandrasekaran & Kraus, 2010;Coffey, Herholz, Chepesiuk, Baillet, & Zatorre, 2016;Hoormann, Falkenstein, Hohnsbein, & Blanke, 1992;Smith, Marsh, & Brown, 1975). This response has historically been elicited by pure tones; however, recent studies have measured FFRs to more complex auditory stimuli, such as music and speech (Basu, Krishnan, & Weber-Fox, 2010;Mamo, Grose, & Buss, 2016;Shahin, Trainor, Roberts, Backer, & Miller, 2010;Skoe & Kraus, 2010). Furthermore, the FFR can be used to assess phase-locked activity to the formants of vowel stimuli (Krishnan, 2002;Won et al, 2016).…”