In addition, it requires a fundamental understanding of the structure and function of the target tissue type.Tubular tissues, such as vascular, respiratory, or intestinal systems supply the body with important nutrients and transport blood, air, food, or fluids. A defect in these tissues can considerably affect the patient's quality of life, for example, the required surgical reconstruction of connecting pathways between two anatomical structures can significantly reduce the patient's mobility. Current treatment strategies for diseased tubular tissues include transplantations of donor organs, autologous tissues, or implantable medical devices to restore tissue function. [2] However, transplants of donor organs or autologous tissue are limited due to availability, donor site morbidity, and risk of disease transmission. [3] Compared to natural body parts, implants have not yet reached the functionality, quality, or longevity (often need replacement after years). [3] Moreover, they must remain in the body for years, and material-specific compatibility problems can cause chronic inflammatory responses, thus limiting their clinical use. Being able to develop tissues outside the body provides a longterm alternative to organ transplantation that could offset the increasing discrepancy between the required number of donor organs needed and availability due to a growing and aging population and the higher life expectancy. [1] Additionally, eliminating the need for time-intensive therapy, for example, immune suppressants, and improving the patient quality of life. [1] Tubular tissues have many unifying structural and biomechanical characteristics despite their different functions. They consist of a multi-layered muscular wall structure of multiple different cell types. The different cell types are embedded in a surrounding environment, the extracellular matrix (ECM). [1] The ECM serves for the spatial organization of the cells and consists of fibrous structures, for example, collagen or elastin, which are proteins that form fiber bundles. [2] Fibrous structures can be found throughout the human body, whether in the architecture and ECM of specific tissue structures, such as arteries, lymphatic vessels, cartilage, or in the fibrous nature of nerves, muscles, ligaments, tendons. [4] A major aim of TE is to mimic the ECM and develop a 3D scaffold that will be seeded with native cells for tissue formation. Current scaffold designs of tubular tissues include foams, gel mattresses, sponges, meshes, and nanofibrous structures. [5] The scaffold serves as a template In cell-free scaffold tissue engineering (TE), an essential prerequisite is the scaffold design to promote cellular activities and tissue formation. The success is greatly dependent upon the nature of the scaffold including the composition, topography, and mechanical performance. Recent TE approaches use textile technologies to create biomimetic and functional scaffolds similar to the extracellular matrix (ECM). The hierarchical architecture of fiber to yarn to fabric a...
