“…In Japan, as part of the effort to ensure vehicle running safety during a large-scale earthquake, a variety of studies are being undertaken on guard angles [1] that prevent vehicle derailment and on vehicle guiding devices [2] that prevent derailed vehicles from reaching neighboring lines or completely leaving the track. When developing or implementing such measures, it is important to have a clear understanding of: vehicle behavior during earthquakes, the specific structure of the reinforcement measures, design methods, efficiency, cost/benefit ratio, and order of priority for installation.…”