Development of battery system for railway vehicle

A Preliminary Techno-Economic Comparison between DC Electrification and Trains with On-Board Energy Storage Systems

“…The set of equations that describes the electric model of the battery pack is reported in Equations ( 7) to (10): the first equation represents Kirchhoff's voltage law, the second one is the n-polynomial relationship between OCV and SOC. The third equation models the SOC update law according to the required current from the battery pack and the last one is the differential equation describing the RC parallel circuit [29].…”

“…The electrical model of the SC pack, shown in Figure 4b, consists of the capacitor C, modelling SC's capacity; an equivalent series resistance RS that describes the power loss during the charging and discharging operations; the self-charge resistance RL models the losses due to the leakage current, which is usually neglected [28,47]: 7) to ( 10): the first equation represents Kirchhoff's voltage law, the second one is the n-polynomial relationship between OCV and SOC. The third equation models the SOC update law according to the required current from the battery pack and the last one is the differential equation describing the RC parallel circuit [29].…”

“…The set of equations that describes the electric model of the battery pack is reported in Equations ( 7) to (10): the first equation represents Kirchhoff's voltage law, the second one is the n-polynomial relationship between OCV and SOC. The third equation models the SOC update law according to the required current from the battery pack and the last one is the differential equation describing the RC parallel circuit [29]. It is highlighted that, in order to represent the equivalent circuit of a battery or supercapacitor pack, starting from the characteristics associated with the individual cells or modules, it is used an equivalent circuit: n RC blocks in series and m in parallel [48].…”

“…The combination of Li-ion batteries and SC in a hybrid energy storage system (H-ESS) allows one to reduce battery stress and aging effects, depending on the charge and discharge cycles. The sizing of the ESS is strictly linked to the control strategy used for the management of energy resources and is limited by the maximum weight and volume allowed by the rolling stock [28,29]. Several studies have been carried out on the applications of storage systems that use lithium-ion cells with high specific power (power-oriented) or high specific energy (energy-oriented).…”

Validation of a Lumped Parameter Model of the Battery Thermal Management System of a Hybrid Train by Means of Ultrasonic Clamp-On Flow Sensor Measurements and Hydronic Optimization

“…This technology will allow for travel beyond electrified routes, ensuring seamless journeys [ 3 ]. Moreover, battery-powered trains can also use regenerative braking, making them much more environmentally friendly than diesel railcars [ 4 ].…”