“…Figure 9 C shows peak potential varies linearly with pH with the equation: E p (V) = − 0.052 pH − 0.076 (R 2 = 0.995). The slope is close to the Nernstian value of − 59 mV, indicating that the electrochemical oxidation of vitamin B2 involves an equal number of protons and electrons, which is in agreement with previous works [ 7 , 55 − 55 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Optimization Of Experimental Conditionssupporting
confidence: 92%
“…The average value of k o was found to be 1.77 s −1 . This value is higher than those reported previously at GCE modified with reduced graphene oxide (0.082 s −1 ) and GCE modified with functionalized carbon nanotube (0.66 s −1 )[ 57 ]. This relatively high value of k o indicates the poly (glutamic acid) and ZnO NPs composite can effectively enhance the electron transfer between the electrode surface and vitamin B2.…”
Section: Optimization Of Experimental Conditionscontrasting
confidence: 57%
“…With the increase in scan rate, the oxidation and reduction peak potentials shifted slightly in the positive and negative direction, respectively, indicating the electrode reaction is quasi-reversible [ 55 ]. The electron transfer coefficient (α) and the number of electrons (n) were calculated using Laviron’s equation for quasi-reversible systems [ 55 , 57 ]. where E o is the formal potential, T is the temperature (298 K), α is the transfer coefficient, n is the number of electrons transferred, υ is the scan rate, F is the Faraday’s constant (96,480 C mol −1 ), R is the universal gas constant (8.314 J mol −1 K −1 ), k s is the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constant and ∆Ep is the peak-to-peak potential separation.…”
Section: Optimization Of Experimental Conditionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…With the increase in scan rate, the oxidation and reduction peak potentials shifted slightly in the positive and negative direction, respectively, indicating the electrode reaction is quasi-reversible [55]. The electron transfer coefficient (α) and the number of electrons (n) were calculated using Laviron's equation for quasi-reversible systems [55,57].…”
Background
The deficiency of vitamin B2 can lead to many health problems. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a sensitive, selective and fast method for the determination of vitamin B2 in food samples. In this work, a sensitive, selective and low-cost electrochemical sensor was developed using poly (glutamic acid) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for vitamin B2 in non-alcoholic beverage and milk samples.
Methods
The modification of the electrode surface was carried out by electropolymerization of glutamic acid on ZnO NPs–carbon paste electrode (ZnO NPS–CPE). The prepared electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). CV and square wave voltammetry (SWV) were used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of vitamin B2 at the modified electrode. The effect of various parameters such as amount of ZnO NPs, polymerization cycle, concentration of the monomer, pH, scan rate and accumulation time were optimized to obtain maximum sensitivity at the modified electrode.
Results
The developed sensor showed high electrocatalytic activity towards vitamin B2. Under the optimized conditions, the developed sensor showed a linear response in the range 0.005–10 µM with a low detection limit of (LOD) 0.0007 ± 0.00001 µM and high sensitivity of 21.53 µA/µM.
Conclusions
A reproducible, repeatable, stable and selective sensor was successfully applied for the quantification of vitamin B2 in beverage and milk samples with acceptable recoveries in the range of 88–101%.
“…Figure 9 C shows peak potential varies linearly with pH with the equation: E p (V) = − 0.052 pH − 0.076 (R 2 = 0.995). The slope is close to the Nernstian value of − 59 mV, indicating that the electrochemical oxidation of vitamin B2 involves an equal number of protons and electrons, which is in agreement with previous works [ 7 , 55 − 55 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Optimization Of Experimental Conditionssupporting
confidence: 92%
“…The average value of k o was found to be 1.77 s −1 . This value is higher than those reported previously at GCE modified with reduced graphene oxide (0.082 s −1 ) and GCE modified with functionalized carbon nanotube (0.66 s −1 )[ 57 ]. This relatively high value of k o indicates the poly (glutamic acid) and ZnO NPs composite can effectively enhance the electron transfer between the electrode surface and vitamin B2.…”
Section: Optimization Of Experimental Conditionscontrasting
confidence: 57%
“…With the increase in scan rate, the oxidation and reduction peak potentials shifted slightly in the positive and negative direction, respectively, indicating the electrode reaction is quasi-reversible [ 55 ]. The electron transfer coefficient (α) and the number of electrons (n) were calculated using Laviron’s equation for quasi-reversible systems [ 55 , 57 ]. where E o is the formal potential, T is the temperature (298 K), α is the transfer coefficient, n is the number of electrons transferred, υ is the scan rate, F is the Faraday’s constant (96,480 C mol −1 ), R is the universal gas constant (8.314 J mol −1 K −1 ), k s is the heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constant and ∆Ep is the peak-to-peak potential separation.…”
Section: Optimization Of Experimental Conditionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…With the increase in scan rate, the oxidation and reduction peak potentials shifted slightly in the positive and negative direction, respectively, indicating the electrode reaction is quasi-reversible [55]. The electron transfer coefficient (α) and the number of electrons (n) were calculated using Laviron's equation for quasi-reversible systems [55,57].…”
Background
The deficiency of vitamin B2 can lead to many health problems. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a sensitive, selective and fast method for the determination of vitamin B2 in food samples. In this work, a sensitive, selective and low-cost electrochemical sensor was developed using poly (glutamic acid) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for vitamin B2 in non-alcoholic beverage and milk samples.
Methods
The modification of the electrode surface was carried out by electropolymerization of glutamic acid on ZnO NPs–carbon paste electrode (ZnO NPS–CPE). The prepared electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). CV and square wave voltammetry (SWV) were used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of vitamin B2 at the modified electrode. The effect of various parameters such as amount of ZnO NPs, polymerization cycle, concentration of the monomer, pH, scan rate and accumulation time were optimized to obtain maximum sensitivity at the modified electrode.
Results
The developed sensor showed high electrocatalytic activity towards vitamin B2. Under the optimized conditions, the developed sensor showed a linear response in the range 0.005–10 µM with a low detection limit of (LOD) 0.0007 ± 0.00001 µM and high sensitivity of 21.53 µA/µM.
Conclusions
A reproducible, repeatable, stable and selective sensor was successfully applied for the quantification of vitamin B2 in beverage and milk samples with acceptable recoveries in the range of 88–101%.
This work describes the synthesis and characterization of a polymeric film of 3,5-diamino 1,2,4-triazole on a pencil graphite electrode for the selective sensing of pyridoxine (PY). The PGE was modified using the electropolymerization process by the potentiodynamic method. The polymerized electrode (PDAT/PGE) was characterized by IR, SEM, AFM, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. PY undergoes irreversible oxidation at 0.79 V on PDAT/PGE in phosphate buffer of pH 5. Using the differential pulse voltammetric technique (DPV), PY showed a linear range from 5 to 950 μM with a lower detection limit of 2.96 μM. The PDAT/PGE was applied for the analytical determination of PY in pharmaceutical tablets with good recovery.
Graphical abstract
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11696-023-02777-5.
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