Development of category formation for faces differing by age in 9‐ to 12‐month‐olds: An effect of experience with infant faces

Damon, Fabrice; Quinn, Paul C.; Heron-Delaney, Michelle; Lee, Kang; Pascalis, Olivier

doi:10.1111/bjdp.12152

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…In addition, younger infants (i.e., 3-month-olds) discriminate among familiar adult faces, and among less familiar infant faces, whereas older infants (i.e., 9-to 10-month-olds) continue to discriminate adult faces, but show difficulty discriminating among infant faces (Cassia, Bulf, Quadrelli, & Proietti, 2014). Also, infants between 9 and 12 months of age come to form different categories for adult, child, and infant faces (Damon, Quinn, Heron-Delaney, Lee, & Pascalis, 2016). Finally, with regard to selective learning, children favor adults over peers (Rakoczy, Hamann, Warneken, & Tomasello, 2010).…”

Section: Face Processing In Infancy 34mentioning

confidence: 99%

Face Processing in Infancy and Beyond: The Case of Social Categories

Quinn

Kang

Pascalis

2019

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

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Prior reviews of infant face processing have emphasized how infants respond to faces in general. This review highlights how infants come to respond differentially to social categories of faces based on differential experience, with a focus on race and gender. We examine six different behaviors: preference, recognition, scanning, category formation, association with emotion, and selective learning. Although some aspects of infant responding to face race and gender may be accounted for by traditional models of perceptual development, other aspects suggest the need for a broader model that links perceptual development with social and emotional development. We also consider how responding to face race and gender in infancy may presage responding to these categories beyond infancy and discuss how social biases favoring own-race and female faces are formed.

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Section: Face Processing In Infancy 34mentioning

confidence: 99%

Face Processing in Infancy and Beyond: The Case of Social Categories

Quinn

Kang

Pascalis

2019

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

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“…A recent study showed that both adults and children evinced this so-called other-race categorization advantage [ 25 ]. And indeed, a second line of evidence consistent with this hypothesis derives from the handful of studies assessing infants’ social categorization capacities [e.g., 26 , 27on gender; 28on age; and 29 , 30on race]. Especially pertinent to the present hypothesis, studies found that infants tend to show an asymmetry in categorizing familiar vs. unfamiliar categories [see 27on gender, 28on age].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…And indeed, a second line of evidence consistent with this hypothesis derives from the handful of studies assessing infants’ social categorization capacities [e.g., 26 , 27on gender; 28on age; and 29 , 30on race]. Especially pertinent to the present hypothesis, studies found that infants tend to show an asymmetry in categorizing familiar vs. unfamiliar categories [see 27on gender, 28on age]. Particularly in regard to race, 6-month-old Caucasian infants looked longer at a Caucasian face after being familiarized to Asian faces, but did not look longer at an Asian face after being familiarized to Caucasian faces [ 29 , see also 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The effect of familiarity on infants’ social categorization capacity

et al. 2021

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Recent studies indicate that a preference for people from one’s own race emerges early in development. Arguably, one potential process contributing to such a bias has to do with the increased discriminability of own- vs. other-race faces–a process commonly attributed to perceptual narrowing of unfamiliar groups’ faces, and analogous to the conceptual homogenization of out-groups. The present studies addressed two implications of perceptual narrowing of other-race faces for infants’ social categorization capacity. In Experiment 1, White 11-month-olds’ (N = 81) looking time at a Black vs. White face was measured under three between-subjects conditions: a baseline “preference” (i.e., without familiarization), after familiarization to Black faces, or after familiarization to White faces. Compared to infants’ a priori looking preferences as revealed in the baseline condition, only when familiarized to Black faces did infants look longer at the "not-familiarized-category" face at test. According to the standard categorization paradigm used, such longer looking time at the novel (i.e., "not-familiarized-category") exemplar at test, indicated that categorization of the familiarized faces had ensued. This is consistent with the idea that prior to their first birthday, infants already tend to represent own-race faces as individuals and other-race faces as a category. If this is the case, then infants might also be less likely to form subordinate categories within other-race than own-race categories. In Experiment 2, infants (N = 34) distinguished between an arbitrary (shirt-color) based sub-categories only when shirt-wearers were White, but not when they were Black. These findings confirm that perceptual narrowing of other-race faces blurs distinctions among members of unfamiliar categories. Consequently, infants: a) readily categorize other-race faces as being of the same kind, and b) find it hard to distinguish between their sub-categories.

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“…Further research has investigated infant ability to categorize differently aged faces. Nine‐ and 12‐month‐olds have provided evidence of forming distinct categories of adult and infant faces, demonstrated in a visual familiarization/novelty‐preference paradigm (Damon et al, ). Twelve‐month‐olds also formed distinct categories of child and infant faces; however, 9‐month‐olds only formed a category of child faces, which excluded infant faces, but not the reverse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These attributes include age, gender, and race (e.g., Damon, Quinn, Heron-Delaney, Lee, & Pascalis, 2016; Kelly et al, 2007; Quinn, Yahr, Kuhn, Slater, & Pascalis, 2002) and are generally thought not to be processed independently (but see Bruce & Young, 1986). Instead, multiple dimensions may interact (e.g., Macchi Cassia, Luo, Pisacane, Li, & Lee, 2014b; Quinn et al, 2008).…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of preferences for differently aged faces of different races

et al. 2017

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Children's experiences with differently aged faces changes in the course of development. During infancy, most faces encountered are adult, however as children mature, exposure to child faces becomes more extensive. Does this change in experience influence preference for differently aged faces? The preferences of children for adult versus child, and adult versus infant faces were investigated. Caucasian 3- to 6-year-olds and adults were presented with adult/child and adult/infant face pairs which were either Caucasian or Asian (race consistent within pairs). Younger children (3 to 4 years) preferred adults over children, whereas older children (5 to 6 years) preferred children over adults. This preference was only detected for Caucasian faces. These data support a "here and now" model of the development of face age processing from infancy to childhood. In particular, the findings suggest that growing experience with peers influences age preferences and that race impacts on these preferences. In contrast, adults preferred infants and children over adults when the faces were Caucasian or Asian, suggesting an increasing influence of a baby schema, and a decreasing influence of race. The different preferences of younger children, older children, and adults also suggest discontinuity and the possibility of different mechanisms at work during different developmental periods.

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Development of category formation for faces differing by age in 9‐ to 12‐month‐olds: An effect of experience with infant faces

Cited by 14 publications

References 58 publications

Face Processing in Infancy and Beyond: The Case of Social Categories

Face Processing in Infancy and Beyond: The Case of Social Categories

The effect of familiarity on infants’ social categorization capacity

Development of preferences for differently aged faces of different races

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