“…[16][17][18][19] Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca nÀ1 Cu n O 2n + 4 (n ¼ 1, 2, 3) superconductors, a typical multi-component compound, are potential material for manufacturing magnetic shields, 20,21 current leads, 22,23 and other superconducting devices. [24][25][26][27] However, it is hard to improve Bibased superconductor phase purity, which is closely associated with the performance of superconducting devices, 28,29 because it is a non-stoichiometric compound and the preparation conditions are very critical in order to avoid the formation of intergrowth phase and impurity, which degrades the transition temperature. The volume fraction of Bi2223 prepared by sol-gel method is only about 70%.…”