Development of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles and Its Cytotoxicity in Prostate Cancer Cells

Abstract

Cerium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal and hydrolysis methods. Cerous (4 + oxide nanoparticles was produced by hydrothermal method and ceric (3 + oxide nanoparticles were produced by hydrolysis method. The different synthesis routes adopted helped in synthesizing nanoparticles of similar size but exhibiting different properties. Detailed characterization of the nanoparticles proved that the synthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles were different in their stoichiometry. The selective toxicity of cerium oxide towards the normal and the cancer cell lines was evaluated. The nanoparticles were found to be nontoxic towards normal cell lines (L929) but cytotoxic towards prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3) as analyzed by MTT assay. Cellular uptake was confirmed by the conjugation of cerium oxide nanoparticle with a fluorescent dye rhodamine-123 followed by optical detection of the uptake.

Antimicrobial potential of green synthesized CeO₂ nanoparticles from <em>Olea europaea</em> leaf extract

“…[1][2][3][4][5] Its various applications such as acting as a catalyst; use in sensor, solid oxide fuel cells, and sunscreen cosmetics; and its O 2 storage capacity, role in CO 2 solar conversion, and antibacterial applications are due to its idiosyncratic ability to alter the oxidation states. [6][7][8][9][10] Ordinarily, CeO 2 NPs are fabricated by physical and chemical methods including hydrothermal, 11 flame spray pyrolysis, 12 thermal decomposition, 13 aqueous precipitation, 14 and coprecipitation technique. 15 In contrast, green synthesis of metallic oxide NPs offers several advantages such as cost-effectiveness, large-scale commercial production, and pharmaceutical applications.…”

Nanoceria and Its Perspective in Cancer Treatment

“…Synthesis of nanoceria was carried out by using cerium nitrate hexahydrate. Hydrogen peroxide and ammonium hydroxide the tumor area with decreased nonspecific side effects [21]. Nano-sized particles also help in the improvement of conventional MRI imaging of cancer by working as a contrasting agent like magnetic oxides, quantum dots etc.…”

“…Cerium is a rare-earth element of the lanthanide series and is available in two oxidation state, Ce 3+ and Ce 4+ [21]. Cerium oxide nanoparticles also are known as nanoceria can switch their oxidation state [21].…”

“…Materials containing cerium have other uses in metallurgy, ceramics, optics etc. [21]. In order to get the desired effect or application synthesis of nanoceria in a biocompatible way is a must and that is a pretty challenging task [27].…”

“…This folic acid combined nanoceria can be easily taken by tumor cells which help to identify them easily rather than other available method [30] and was tested in case of lung carcinoma [33]. Other studies have shown that nanoceria prepared by hydrothermal (have a morphology of flaky kind) and hydrolysis (have a morphology of spherical) method can be attached successfully with transferrin, a tumor marker in order to improve the antitumor therapy [21]. Some clinical reports have also shown that cerium iodide may able to shrink the tumor and assist to improve the quality of life.…”