Development of childhood allergy in infants fed breast, soy, or cow milk

Halpern, Salmon R.; Sellers, William A.; Johnson, Richard B.; Anderson, David W.; Saperstein, Sidney; Reisch, Joan

doi:10.1016/0091-6749(73)90019-5

Cited by 236 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…87 Recognizing that soy protein is antigenic does not mean that soy protein is highly allergenic. In a prospective study of healthy infants fed human milk, cow milk formula, or soy protein-based formula, Halpern et al 88 documented true allergic responses in 0.5% and 1.8% of infants to soy formula and cow milk formula, respectively. This frequency is consistent with the summary by Fomon 89 that in 3 decades of study of soy protein-based formulas, Ͻ1% of soy formula-fed infants had adverse reactions.…”

Section: Soy Protein-based Formulas and Prevention Of Atopic Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Soy Protein-Based Formulas in Infant Feeding

Bhatia¹,

Greer²

2008

Pediatrics

324

333

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Soy protein-based formulas have been available for almost 100 years. Since the first use of soy formula as a milk substitute for an infant unable to tolerate a cow milk protein-based formula, the formulation has changed to the current soy protein isolate. Despite very limited indications for its use, soy protein-based formulas in the United States may account for nearly 25% of the formula market. This report reviews the limited indications and contraindications of soy formulas. It will also review the potential harmful effects of soy protein-based formulas and the phytoestrogens contained in these formulas.T HE AMERICAN ACADEMY of Pediatrics (AAP) is committed to the use of human milk as the ideal source of nutrition for infant feeding. However, by 2 months of age, the majority of infants in North America are receiving at least some formula. Soy-based infant formulas have been available for almost 100 years. 1 Despite limited indications, soy protein-based formula accounts for approximately 20% of the formula market in the United States. Because an infant formula provides a source of nutrition for an extended interval, its nutritional adequacy must be proven, and the indications for its use must be substantiated and well understood. This statement updates the 1998 AAP review of soy protein-based formulas and addresses the ongoing concern of phytoestrogens in soy formulas. COMPOSITIONIsolated soy protein-based formulas currently on the market are all free of cow milk protein and lactose and provide 67 kcal/dL. All are iron-fortified and meet the vitamin, mineral, and electrolyte specifications addressed in the 2004 guidelines from the AAP for feeding term infants 2 and established by the US Food and Drug Administration. 3 The protein is a soy isolate supplemented with L-methionine, L-carnitine, and taurine to provide a protein content of 2.45 to 2.8 g per 100 kcal or 1.65 to 1.9 g/dL. The fat content of soy protein-based formulas is derived primarily from vegetable oils. The quantity of specific fats varies by manufacturer and is usually similar to those in the manufacturer's corresponding cow milk-based formula. The fat content ranges from 5.02 to 5.46 g per 100 kcal or 3.4 to 3.6 g/dL. The oils used include soy, palm, sunflower, olein, safflower, and coconut. Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids now are added routinely.In formulas, carbohydrate sources are corn maltodextrin, corn syrup solids, and sucrose, with content ranging from 10.26 to 10.95 g per 100 kcal or 6.9 to 7.4 g/dL. Until 1980, mineral absorption from soy formulas was erratic because of poor stability of the suspensions and the presence of excessive soy phytates. 4 Because soy protein isolate formulas still contain 1.5% phytates, and up to 30% of the total phosphorus is phytate bound, they contain 20% more calcium and phosphorus than cow milk-based formulas and maintain the ratio of calcium to available phosphorus of 1.1 to 2.0:1. With the current formulations, bone mineralization, serum concentrations of calcium and phosphorus, and alka...

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Section: Soy Protein-based Formulas and Prevention Of Atopic Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Soy Protein-Based Formulas in Infant Feeding

Bhatia¹,

Greer²

2008

Pediatrics

324

333

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The enthusiasm of some clinicians and experimental investigators for the prospects of prevention of food hypersensitivity by deferral of introduction of food other than the mothers' milk into the diet until late in infancy (70,78) has not been shared by others (34,79,80). Uncertain at present is whether sensitization to foods may be prevented in this way or (jnly deferred until the foods are ultimately added to the diet.…”

Section: Prophylaxismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Modern Clinical Approach to Food Hypersensitivity

May

Block

1978

Allergy

107

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“…[15][16][17] Halpern et al 17 reported childhood allergy to be equally common in children fed human, soy, or cows' milk. Breast feeding has also been reported to have no effect on the incidence of eczema, 13 atopic disease, or raised IgE concentrations and may only be protective in non-atopic children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%