Development of Circular Loop Frequency Selective Surface Using 3-D Printing Technique

Singh, Deepak Kumar; Jain, Abhinav; Yadav, Rana Pratap

doi:10.2528/pierm20011402

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…where, P t is transmitting power, G t is the gain of transmitting antenna, G r is the gain of the receiving antenna, λ is the operating wavelength, d is the distance between transmitting and receiving antennas and L is the transmission loss. Free-space transmission loss (FSTL) [30,31],…”

Section: Site Specific Propagation Model Selection Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Delay and Energy Efficient Offloading Strategies for an IoT Integrated Water Distribution System in Smart Cities

Velayudhan,

Devidas

et al. 2024

Smart Cities

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In the fast-moving world of information and communications technologies, one significant issue in metropolitan cities is water scarcity and the need for an intelligent water distribution system for sustainable water management. An IoT-based monitoring system can improve water distribution system management and mitigate challenges in the distribution network networks such as leakage, breakage, theft, overflow, dry running of pumps and so on. However, the increase in the number of communication and sensing devices within smart cities has evoked challenges to existing communication networks due to the increase in delay and energy consumption within the network. The work presents different strategies for efficient delay and energy offloading in IoT-integrated water distribution systems in smart cities. Different IoT-enabled communication network topology diagrams are proposed, considering the different water network design parameters, land cover patterns and wireless channels for communication. From these topologies and by considering all the relevant communication parameters, the optimum communication network architecture to continuously monitor a water distribution network in a metropolitan city in India is identified. As a case study, an IoT design and analysis model is studied for a secondary metropolitan city in India. The selected study area is in Kochi, India. Based on the site-specific model and land use and land cover pattern, delay and energy modeling of the IoT-based water distribution system is discussed. Algorithms for node categorisation and edge-to-fog allocation are discussed, and numerical analyses of delay and energy models are included. An approximation of the delay and energy of the network is calculated using these models. On the basis of these study results, and state transition diagrams, the optimum placement of fog nodes linked with edge nodes and a cloud server could be carried out. Also, by considering different scenarios, up to a 40% improvement in energy efficiency can be achieved by incorporating a greater number of states in the state transition diagram. These strategies could be utilized in implementing delay and energy-efficient IoT-enabled communication networks for site-specific applications.

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Section: Site Specific Propagation Model Selection Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Delay and Energy Efficient Offloading Strategies for an IoT Integrated Water Distribution System in Smart Cities

Velayudhan,

Devidas

et al. 2024

Smart Cities

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“…In a study, Deepika et al studied FSS printed with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic material using 3-D printers for radar applications [2]. In another study, Singh et al developed a circular loop FSS structure with the help of 3-D printers by using ABS material and circular loop shape structures [3]. In another study, Alvarez et al investigated a 3-D conformal bandpass FSS operating at 26-40 GHz [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3-D Printed Dual-Band Frequency Selective Surfaces for Radome Applications

Bakır

2023

Turkish Journal of Science and Technology

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In this study, dual-band frequency selective surface (FSS) structures are designed by using 3-D printing technology for antenna radome applications. Four different configurations are studied to find the best candidate for FSS substrate not only for electromagnetic (EM) responses but also for its mechanical properties suitable for radomes. To ease the manufacturing process, a conductive paint is also studied instead of copper microstrip lines. In addition, graphite is also used for the comparison. Different 3-D printed configurations, various thickness values and three different material for conductive part are examined and compared to find the most efficient radome structure.

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“…In additive manufacturing of FSS, the metallization of the conductive area has been done by different methods. The works presented in [9][10][11][12][13][14] use the additive manufacturing method called material extrusion. In this method, thermoplastic materials such as Polylactic Acid (PLA) or Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) are melted and extruded through a nozzle, forming the desired geometric figure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Inductive Frequency Selective Structures Using Additive Manufacturing and Low-Cost Metallization

Vásquez-Peralvo

Tamayo‐Domínguez

Pérez-Palomino

et al. 2022

Sensors

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The use of additive manufacturing and different metallization techniques for prototyping radio frequency components such as antennas and waveguides are rising owing to their high precision and low costs. Over time, additive manufacturing has improved so that its utilization is accepted in satellite payloads and military applications. However, there is no record of the frequency response in the millimeter-wave band for inductive 3D frequency selective structures implemented by different metallization techniques. For this reason, three different prototypes of dielectric 3D frequency selective structures working in the millimeter-wave band are designed, simulated, and manufactured using VAT photopolymerization. These prototypes are subsequently metallized using metallic paint atomization and electroplating. The manufactured prototypes have been carefully selected, considering their design complexity, starting with the simplest, the square aperture, the medium complexity, the woodpile structure, and the most complex, the torus structure. Then, each structure is measured before and after the metallization process using a measurement bench. The metallization used for the measurement is nickel spray flowed by the copper electroplating. For the electroplating, a detailed table showing the total area to be metallized and the current applied is also provided. Finally, the effectiveness of both metallization techniques is compared with the simulations performed using CST Microwave Studio. Results indicate that a shifted and reduced band-pass is obtained in some structures. On the other hand, for very complex structures, as in the torus case, band-pass with lower loss is obtained using copper electroplating, thus allowing the manufacturing of inductive 3D frequency selective structures in the millimeter-wave band at a low cost.

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Development of Circular Loop Frequency Selective Surface Using 3-D Printing Technique

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

Delay and Energy Efficient Offloading Strategies for an IoT Integrated Water Distribution System in Smart Cities

Delay and Energy Efficient Offloading Strategies for an IoT Integrated Water Distribution System in Smart Cities

3-D Printed Dual-Band Frequency Selective Surfaces for Radome Applications

3D Inductive Frequency Selective Structures Using Additive Manufacturing and Low-Cost Metallization

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