Polarization
and inductive effects are the concepts that have been
widely used in qualitative and even quantitative descriptions of experimentally
observed properties in chemistry. The polarization effect has proven
to be important in cases of biomolecular modeling though still the
vast majority of molecular simulations use the classical non-polarizable
force fields. In the last few decades, a lot of effort has been put
into promoting the polarization effect and incorporating it into modern
force fields and charge calculation methods. In contrast, the inductive
effect has not attracted such attention and is effectively absent
in both classic and modern force fields. Thus, a question is whether
this difference corresponds to the difference in the physical significance
of the effects and their explicit account, or is an artifact that
should be corrected in the next generation of force fields. The significance
of the electronic effects is studied in this paper through the prism
of performance of specific models for atomic charge calculation that
take into explicit account a nested set of effects: the formal charge,
the nearest neighbors, the inductive effect, and finally the model,
which takes into account all effects, which are possible to account
for using atomic charges. The specific choice for the methods is the
following: formal charges, MMFF94 bond charge increments, Dynamic
Electronegativity Relaxation (DENR), and RESP. We propose a special
scheme for the separate estimation of each particular effect contribution.
By pairwise comparing the residual molecular electrostatic potential
(MEP) errors of those charge models (aimed at best reproducing the
quantum chemical reference MEP), we sequentially revealed how the
account of each effect contributes to the better-quality MEP reproduction.
The following relative importance of effects was estimated; thus,
the natural hierarchy of the effects was established. First, the account
of formal charges is of primordial importance. Second, the nearest
neighbors account is the next in significance. Third, the explicit
account of inductive effect in empirical charge calculation schemes
was shown to significantlyboth qualitatively and quantitativelyimprove
the quality of MEP reproduction. Fourth, the contribution of polarization
is indirectly assessed. Surprisingly, it is of the order of magnitude
of the inductive effect even for the molecular systems, for which
it is anticipated to be more significant. Finally, the relative importance
of anisotropic effects in neutral molecules was additionally reviewed.