Development of Contraceptives — Obstacles and Opportunities

Mastroianni, Luigi; Donaldson, Peter J.; Kane, Thomas T.

doi:10.1056/nejm199002153220732

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…A few statistics from 1990 confirm the inadequacy of available methods. An Institute of Medicine study 3 of contraception that year reported that almost 3 million unintended pregnancies occurred annually in the United States as the result of contraceptive failure. Half of the 1.5 million abortions ⏐ PUBLIC HEALTH THEN AND NOW ⏐ in the United States every year were performed to deal with pregnancies resulting from contraceptive failure.…”

Section: Elizabeth Siegel Watkins Phdmentioning

confidence: 99%

How the Pill Became a Lifestyle Drug: The Pharmaceutical Industry and Birth Control in the United States Since 1960

Watkins

2012

Am J Public Health

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Marketing decisions, rather than scientific innovations, have guided the development and positioning of contraceptive products in recent years. I review the stalled progress in contraceptive development in the decades following the advent of the Pill in 1960 and then examine the fine-tuning of the market for oral contraceptives in the 1990s and 2000s. Although birth control has been pitched in the United States as an individual solution, rather than a public health strategy, the purpose of oral contraceptives was understood by manufacturers, physicians, and consumers to be the prevention of pregnancy, a basic health care need for women. Since 1990, the content of that message has changed, reflecting a shift in the drug industry's view of the contraception business. Two factors contributed to bring about this change: first, the industry's move away from research and development in birth control and second, the growth of the class of medications known as lifestyle drugs.

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Section: Elizabeth Siegel Watkins Phdmentioning

confidence: 99%

How the Pill Became a Lifestyle Drug: The Pharmaceutical Industry and Birth Control in the United States Since 1960

Watkins

2012

Am J Public Health

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“…Production of this vaccine in the U,S, declined drastically as a result of lawsuits (David, 1986;Hinman, 1986;Huber, 1988;Inglehart, 1987), and the price increased, although the passage of a (partial) no-fault compensation law in 1986 may have reversed this trend (Hofmann, 1988). Likewise, research on new birth-control methods seems to have decreased for the same reason (Djerassi, 1989;Huber, 1988;Mastroianni, Donaldson and Kane, 1990), Viscusi and Moore (in press) present general evidence that liability costs tend to increase research and development expenditures up to a point and then cause a decline when the costs are sufficiently high. Although it is likely that some products should he withdrawn from the market, or not developed, because their harm exceeds their benefit, the examples cited by Viscusi and Moore, as well as those just cited, suggest that many successful lawsuits do not involve such harmful products.…”

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Intuitions about Penalties and Compensation in the Context of Tort Law

Baron

Ritov

1993

Making Decisions About Liability and Insurance

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Students, retired judges, economists, and others made judgments of appropriate penalties and compen,sation for hypothetical injuries. In some scenarios, compensation was paid by the government and penalties were paid to the government, so the two could differ. Penalties were generally uninfluenced by their deterrent effect on future behavior. Penalties were greater when they were paid directly to the victim than when they were paid to the government. Compensation was affected by whether injuries were caused by people or by nature, or by acts vs, omissions. These effects are not justified according to consequentialist views of penalties and compensation. We suggest that people are overgeneralizing reasonable rules and that such overgeneralization may be involved in perverse effects of tort law.Key words: tort law, penalties, compensations, intuitive judgments When one person (or group) harms another, people often think that the injurer should compensate the victim. Tort law can compel compensation. Such a transaction not only compensates the victim but also punishes the injurer. When the injurer compensates the victim, as when a child is induced to give back something she has taken or when a victim sues an injurer in court, punishment and compensation are linked together. Sometimes these functions are separated. Criminals are punished whether or not their victims are compensated. Insurance (private and social) provides compensation for misfortunes regardless of whether they are caused by people or nature, and regardless of whether the insurer collects from the injurer.In the studies described here, we sought to understand how people think about punishment and compensation in the context of hypothetical cases in which people are killed or injured by birth-control pills or vaccines. These are typical situations in which lawsuits against companies occur. Some of our cases separated punishment and compensation, so that we could learn how people think about each function alone.

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“…In the late 1980s, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) sponsored a series of meetings on the problems inhibiting contraceptive research and in 1990 published a book summarizing the conclusions. 3 The 1990s brought even more expressions of concern. Many have asked why, after years of intensive research activity, the appearance of new methods with the revolutionary impact of the pill and IUD remains far away.…”

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confidence: 99%

Still Waiting for the Contraceptive Revolution

Klitsch¹

1995

Family Planning Perspectives

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Development of Contraceptives — Obstacles and Opportunities

Cited by 21 publications

References 1 publication

How the Pill Became a Lifestyle Drug: The Pharmaceutical Industry and Birth Control in the United States Since 1960

How the Pill Became a Lifestyle Drug: The Pharmaceutical Industry and Birth Control in the United States Since 1960

Intuitions about Penalties and Compensation in the Context of Tort Law

Still Waiting for the Contraceptive Revolution

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